week 4 and 5 review Flashcards by Don Edgar

Neuron

generates electric signal and delivers it to other cells

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Neuroglia

support cells

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Neurofibrils

bundles of neurofilaments that provide support for dendrites and axon

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Neural Tissue

Connective tissue and it’s avascular

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Neurons in the CNS

anaxonic neurons, multipolar neurons (common)

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Neurons in the PNS

Bipolar and Unipolar neurons (uncommon)

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Typical Neurons

have cell body, contains 2 or more long fibers, impulses are carried along one or more of these fibers, called dendrites, to the cell body.

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Sensory Neurons

Afferent neurons of PNS: taking the signal to the brain

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Ganglion

a cluster of cell bodies

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Myelination

the process of coating the axon of each neuron with myelin, which protects the neuron and helps it conduct signals in the nervous system without its axons becoming less efficient

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Demyelination

reduces the rate at which axons transmit signal, resulting in a comprised immune system

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Where is K+ greater in a neuron?

inside the cell

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Where is Na+ greater in?

Outside the cell

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Which components of the cell membrane control permeability

sodium potassium exchange pumpe

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Passive channels

leak channels

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Active channels

open and close response to stimuli

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What would happen if a cell was completely permeable?

There would be an overflow of sodium causing an imbalance within the cell

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T/F the electrical gradient can oppose the chemical gradient

True, ex: the net electrochemical gradient tends to force potassium ions out of the cell

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What is the electrochemical gradient

The gradient of the electrochemical potential, the electrical potential and a difference in the chemical concentration across a membrane

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What is a resting membrane potential

-70Mv, more sodium outside the neuron than potassium inside the neuron, present in neurons

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What maintains the resting membrane potential

ATP

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What is the value for a typical neuron?

-70Mv

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What is the function of the Na+/K+ pump

balances passive forces of diffusion, ATP required.

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Chemically gated

open or close when specific chemicals, found on neuron cell body and dendrites

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Voltage gated

respond to changes in membrane potential, activation gates (open), inactivation gates (close), found in neurons (axons), skeletal and cardiac muscle

Depolarization

membrane potential rises due to opening of sodium channel making an increase in sodium (moving from negative to less negative value)

Repolarization

back to normal, when the stimulus is removed, membrane potential returns to normal

Hyperpolarization

increasing the negativity of the resting potential, result of opening a potassium channel, opposite effect of opening a sodium channel, positive ions move out, not into cell (negative to more negative)

What is meant by graded potential?

change in membrane potential at site of stimulation; effect decreases with distance.

An Action potential?

Propagated changes in membrane potential, affect an entire excitable membrane

All or Nothing

meaning action potential is either triggered by the given stimulus (threshold reached) or not (threshold not reached)

Pre synaptic cell

Arch stored in vesicles at axon terminal

Neurotransmitter

A chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse, and by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve structure

Where are neurotransmitters synthesized

cholinergic sysnapses

What triggers release of neurotransmitters such as ACh

voltage gated arrival of action potential

T/F The anterior median fissure and Posterior mediam sulcus divide across section of the spinal cord into dorsal and ventral halves

True

Afferent Neurons

receive sensory and sends a signal to body for a response

Efferent Neurons

Receives motor signal to send to body

Where are the enlargements of the spinal cord located

Cervical and Lumbar, increased by grey matter

Two structures combined to form the coccygeal ligament... what are they

conus medullaris filum terminale

Dorsal roots

contains axons of sensory neurons to the spinal cord

Ventral roots

contains axons of motor neurons to somatic and visceral effectors

Dorsal Root Ganglion

contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

What is the cauda equine

last nerves coming out of spinal cord

Spinal Meninges

Dura Mater (outer layer), Arachnoid Mater (mid layer), Pia Mater (Inner layer) of neurons

Meningeal spaces

Epidural space (between dura mater and vertebral canal subdural space, Potential Space filled with CSF

Difference between epidural block and spinal tap?

Epidural is a catheter left in your back, the spinal tap is a onetime shot

Where is CSF

passageway of spinal cord and brain

How is the spinal cord stabilized longitudinally? Laterally?

Foramen Magnum. | Laterally: denticulate ligaments

Difference between grey and white matter

grey surrounds central canal, white matter is superficial

How do sensory nuclei differ from motor nuclei

Sensory: posterior, receive and relay info from peripheral receptors Motor: anterior, send motor commands to peripheral effectors

T/F a frontal section through the central canal of the spinal cord divides across section of the spinal cord into doral and ventral halves

Tru

Gray and white commisssures

axons cross from one side of spinal cord to toher

Differences between funiculi and fasciculi

Funiculi: columns Fasciculi: Tracts

What is the difference between a nerve and a tract

A tract is a collection nerve fibers in the CNS, a nerve is a collection of nerve fibers in the PNS.

Epineurium layer (peripheral nerves)

outer layer, dense network of collagen fibers

Perineurium layer (peripheral nerves)

middle layer, divides nerve into fascicles (axon bundles)

Endoneurium layer (peripheral nerves)

inner layer, surrounds individual axon

Spinal nerve

Distribution of motor commands

Peripheral nerve

Delivery of sensory information

Nerve Plexus

Spinal nerves controlling skeletal muscle in neck

Major nerve in cervical plexus and its function

Phrenic Nerve, controls diaphragm

Interneurons

a neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons

Two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)

Sympathetic (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic

Somatic Nervous system vs ANS

SNS is voluntary and ANS is involuntary

White ramus

Myelianted preganglionic fibers to sympathetic hain ganglion

Gray Ramus

to spinal cord.

Terminal Ganglion

near organ

Intramural Ganglion

embedded in Organ

Splanchnic nerves

consists of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia