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Psychological Assessment > Week 6/7 - Personality Assessment > Flashcards

Week 6/7 - Personality Assessment Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the five basic paradigms in personality assessment that Wiggins proposed?

A 
Psychoanalytic
Interpersonal
Personological
Multivariate (trait) 
Empirical approach
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2
Q

What other 2 approaches to personality are there that Wiggins did not propose?

A

Social-cognitive

Positive psychology

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3
Q

What type of technique is the Rorschach?

A

Projective

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4
Q

The concept of personality is the observers way of attempting to ______________

A

Capture what is happening when two people interact

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5
Q

What did the pioneering work of Timothy Leary lead to?

A

The interpersonal circumplex, a way of describing interpersonal behaviour in terms of a circle of relationships

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6
Q

What dimensions of the interpersonal circumplex have received reasonable consensus?

A

Dominance-submission (seeking control) and warm-cold (seeking belongingness)

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7
Q

What technique did Murray and Morgan develop?

A

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - By using a set of ambiguous pictures that were depictions of people and places and allowed for more than one interpretation

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8
Q

What did Murray look for when examining the life history?

A

Proceedings - significant events

Themes - ideas that recur in the life of the person and help to give it some structure or coherence

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9
Q

What did Wiggins propose?

A

That there were five basic paradigms in personality assessment

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10
Q

What were the four temperament types described in earlier times?

A

Melancholic
Phlegmatic
Choleric
Sanguine

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11
Q

Who was the first to formulate a trait theory of personality?

A

Allport, although he saw certain traits as unique to individuals rather than being common to all

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12
Q

What three major dimensions of personality did Eysenck label using factor analysis?

A

Neuroticism
Psychoticism
Extraversion

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13
Q

What are the Big Five personality factors argued by Costa and McCrae?

A 
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
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14
Q

How is assessment of personality using the trait approach most commonly done?

A

Using the personality questionnaire

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15
Q

What is the main difference between the empirical approach and the trait approach?

A

The trait approach is concerned principally with the dimensions that make for human individuality; whereas the empirical approach is concerned with personality description in the service of predicting socially relevant criteria (I.e mental illness, criminality)

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16
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

was the forerunner of the positive psychology movement

sought to define what made people truly human and focused heavily on the self as a major construct

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17
Q

The Rasch model models

A

the difference between the person’s standing on a trait and item difficulty

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18
Q

Self-efficacy involves

A

beliefs about performance

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19
Q

A 2PL model estimates

A

item difficulty and item discrimination

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20
Q

The idea of an assessment centre

A

was first implemented at the American Telephone and Telegraph Company after the Second World War

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21
Q

Self-efficacy is important in determining what 3 things?

A

the effort in sustaining behaviour
the decision about what to terminate a behaviour
the choice of actions to perform

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22
Q

The Likert scale

A

asks the respondent to rate their strength of endorsement on a seven-point scale

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23
Q

basic reference dimensions of socially important behaviour include

A

dominance-submission

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24
Q

Typologies differ from dimensional descriptions in

A

relying on a set of categories that exhaust all differences among individuals

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25
IRT models are now used in constructing ability tests because they
can provide interval level measurement facilitate tailored testing provide tests of differential validity
26
Who created the most widely used system for scoring the Rorschach Inkblot test?
Exner
27
The projective hypothesis holds that
an individual supplies structure to unstructured stimuli
28
The scenes in the cards from the Thermatic Apperception Test are designed to present the testtaker with
classical human situations
29
When scoring the Rorschach inkblot test, Popularity refers to
the frequency with which a certain response has been found to correspond with a particular inkblot or section of an inkblot
30
Assessing PD using structured interviews is problematic because
pathology can be concealed it is tedious it is time-consuming
31
Objective personality tests can be
answered quickly, scored by a computer and scored by hand
32
Exner's system for scoring the Rorschach enabled which type of reliability to be calculated
inter-scorer
33
When scoring the Rorschach inkblot test, Content refers to
The content category of the response (such as human figures, animal figures, clouds)
34
Dissimulation by individuals with a personality disorder can be both conscious and unconscious. True or False?
True
35
The empirical approach to personality description is
solely interested in the prediction of socially significant outcomes
36
It is advisable to draw up a plan for the specification of items for a psychological test because
item writers need to know what they do otherwise important aspects of the construct being measured may be overlooked creativity alone usually generates bad items
37
Assessment of personality
requires knowing only as much as is necessary to accomplish the purpose of assessment
38
a test manual
is required to explain how a test is administered and scored provides technical information about the test including test norms outlines the theoretical or conceptual background to the test
39
Which of the following concepts would you not expect to be on the agenda of research in positive psychology?
anxiety | Concepts considered are flow, optimism, forgiveness etc.
40
Action in social situations can sometimes be understood as
the importance of the self-dynamism attempts to reduce anxiety associated with low self-esteem attempts to increase security of relationships
41
Integration of different personality theories
can lead to incoherence in explantion
42
The idea of mechanisms of defence
was elaborated by Freud's daughter based on his original thinking
43
To diagnose a personality disorder you need to establish that
it is present over time it is currently present it is pervasive the client DOES NOT need to be aware of it
44
Assessing personality disorders is a difficult task because of persistent problems related to the ______ validity of existing instruments
concurrent
45
Projective tests are usually used to measure
personality
46
What are the common characteristics of objective methods of personality assessment?
one response for each item is chosen from two or more options there are a set of procedures for scoring short-answer items NOT clinical judgement for scoring
47
What tests were based on the empirical approach?
MMPI California Psychological Inventory (CPI) Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB)
48
What is meant by the term 'person variables' coined by Mischel
to characterise the consistencies in behaviour and thought that make for differences among individuals
49
What are the person variables as identified by Mischel & Shoda (1995)
``` competencies encodings expectancies and beliefs affects, goals and values self-regulatory plans ```
50
What are encoding strategies?
ways of perceiving the world or processing information about it
51
How are values often thought of?
in terms of the amount of reward or reinforcement potential actions produce
52
What do self-regulating systems and plans refer to?
The ways people learn to control their behaviour, and the strategies they employ and the goals they set in guiding their behaviour
53
Who was a founder of humanistic psychology?
Abraham Maslow - he began work in experimental psychology but moved to the study of personality and abnormal psychology
54
What did Maslow propose in terms of human motivations?
a pyramid of human motivations - at the base of the pyramid are physiological needs, above those are security, higher still are the needs for self-esteem and at the highest point the need to actualise self
55
Martin Seligman coined what term?
'positive psychology' to characterise the study of what was right with people rather than what was wrong
56
What were the possible levels of knowing another person according to McAdams?
``` Knowing at the level of the stranger (i.e. questionnaires) Intermediate knowing (i.e. self-report; ratings) Intimate knowing (i.e. clinical interview) ```
57
What are the methods for personality test construction?
content (logical/rational) method theory approach factor analysis criterion referencing
58
What is a response-set?
a person's tendency, either conscious or unconscious, to respond to items in a certain way, independent of the person's true feeling about the item
59
What is personality?
'a unique, relatively consistent pattern of thoughts, feelings and behaviours' - personality is not fixed but relatively consistent
60
What do trait theorists view personality as?
a set of attributes that are identified in an effort to locate threads of consistency in behavioural patterns
61
What is the lexical hypothesis?
basically, if there is a word for a trait, it must be a real trait
62
What does Hare's Psychopathy Check-List explore?
important dimensions of psychopathic functioning that are relatively unrelated to the manifestations of criminal behaviour emphasised by the DSM criteria for antisocial PD
63
What does Wagner's Hand Test help to predict?
self-aggressive or hetero-aggressive acting-out among potentially dangerous patients
64
What does the projective hypothesis hold?
that an individual supplies structure to unstructured stimuli in a manner consistent with the individual's own unique pattern of conscious and unconscious needs, fears, desires, impulses, conflicts and ways of perceiving and responding
65
Define projective method
a technique of personality assessment in which some judgment of the assessee's personality is made on the basis of performance on a task that involves supplying some sort of structure to relatively unstructured or incomplete stimuli
66
What categories are used to score Rorschach protocols?
determinants content popularity form
67
What is the spectrum hypothesis?
psychopathology represents maladaptively extreme versions of normal personality traits
68
What is the PAI?
Personality assessment inventory
69
What are the scales of the PAI?
Validity scales treatment scales interpersonal scales
70
What are the 3 'spectrums' assessed by the PAI?
neurotic spectrum psychotic spectrum behaviour disorder or impulse control

Psychological Assessment (10 decks)

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