WEEK 8: 8.1 Peritoneum & Abdominopelvic Cavity

Question 1

What is contents of the abdominal cavity?

Answer 1

Partial bit of the esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Partially large intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Spleen
Kidneys
Adrenal glands
partially ureter
Blood vessels
lympathics
Nerves

Question 2

What is the superior border of the abdominal cavity?

Answer 2

diaphragm

Question 3

What is the anterolateral border of the abdominal cavity

Answer 3

muscles

Question 4

What is the posterior border of the abdominal cavity?

Answer 4

muscles & the vertebral column

Question 5

What is the inferior border of the abdominal cavity?

Answer 5

pelvic inlet

Question 6

The relationship of the organs to the ___ is important?

Answer 6

Peritoneum

Question 7

Outline the order in which food passes through the GIT

Answer 7

Oral cavity -> pharynx -> esophagus -> stomach -> duodenum -> jejunum -> Ileum -> caecum -> ascending colon -> transverse colon -> descending colon -> sigmoid colon -> rectum

Question 8

Why are there lines for orientation of the abdomen?

Answer 8

Lines help define where trouble and pain may be located

Question 9

What is referred pain?

Answer 9

Pain in other parts than the area where the damage/harm/source of pain is

Question 10

What are the important lines for orientation?

Answer 10

Sagittal plane
Transpyloric plane
Subcostal plane
Trans umbilical plane
Trans/intertubercular plane
Line between anterior superior iliac spine

Question 11

Where does the epigastric region have referred pain from?

Answer 11

the foregut

Question 12

Where does the umblical region have referred pain from?

Answer 12

the midgut

Question 13

Where does the pubic region have referred pain from?

Answer 13

the hindgut

Question 14

What artery is the foregut supplied by?

Answer 14

aorta

Question 15

What artery is the midgut supplied by?

Answer 15

superior mesenteric artery

Question 16

What artery is the hindgut supplied by?

Answer 16

inferior mesenteric artery

Question 17

Where is McBurney’s point located and what is its significance?

Answer 17

One third of the distance between the anterior superior iliac spine and the belly button
Pain in this area signifies inflammation of the appendix (appendicitis)

Question 18

What are the 4 ab muscles

Answer 18

• rectus (straight) abdominis
• external oblique (diagonal)
• internal oblique
• transversus (horizontal) abdominis

Question 19

What is the function of abdominal muscles

Answer 19

movement, posture, increase abdominal pressure, protection of organs

Question 20

What is the function of the linea alba

Answer 20

a fibrous connective tissue that runs down the middle of the abdomen, serving the purpose of anchoring abs, supporting ab wall, protecting internal organs, distributing force during movement

Question 21

What is the function of the tendinous intersection?

Answer 21

horizontal band of connective tissue running along rectus abdominis, increases strength and flexibility

Question 22

What is the rectus sheath?

Answer 22

a fibrous covering that surrounds the rectus abdominis muscle

Question 23

What is the function of the rectus sheath?

Answer 23

protects the muscle, supports the abdominal wall, provides a surface for muscle attachment

Question 24

What is the arcuate line?

Answer 24

Marks the point where the posterior rectus sheath ends, making the lower rectus abdominis more exposed and less supported from behind

Question 25

What is the inguinal canal?

Answer 25

a short passage in the lower abdominal wall, it allows structures to pass from the abdomen to the external genital region

Question 26

Briefly describe the function of the inguinal canal

Answer 26

in males it carries spermatic cord In females it carries round ligament of the uterus

Question 27

What is the deep inguinal ring?

Answer 27

It is the internal opening of the inguinal canal, serving as the entry point into the canal from the abdominal cavity

Question 28

What is the inguinal ligament?

Answer 28

it forms the lower border of the abdomen and helps define the inguinal canal

Question 29

What two layers does the peritoneum have?

Answer 29

a visceral and parietal (attached to body wall) layer

Question 30

What two spaces does the peritoneum divide the abdomen into?

Answer 30

intraperitoneal (inside) retroperitoneal (outside/1 side) space

Question 31

What are intraperitoneal organs, and what are they covered by?

Answer 31

stomach, spleen, small intestine - covered by the visceral peritoneum

Question 32

What are retroperitoneal organs, what are they covered by?

Answer 32

kidneys, adrenal glands (not covered at all) , pancreas (covered from only one side by parietal peritoneum), most of the duodenum

Question 33

Large blood vessels like the aorta and inferior vena cava are in what space?

Answer 33

retroperitoneal space

Question 34

How do these blood vessels then reach the intraperitoneal organs?

Answer 34

they travel into the intraperitoneal space via connective tissue covering called mesos

Question 35

What can intraperiotneal space be further divided into?

Answer 35

a greater and lesser sac

Question 36

What marks the link between the greater and lesser sac?

Answer 36

Omental foramen

Question 37

What does the lesser omentum consist of?

Answer 37

Hepatoduodenal ligament (hepatic artery, bile duct, hepatic portal vein)

Question 38

What does the lesser omentum connect?

Answer 38

the stomach and liver

Question 39

What does the greater omentum connect

Answer 39

the greater curvature of the stomach and transverse colon

Question 40

Is the abdominal cavity anatomically distinct from the pelvic cavity?

Answer 40

No, it's one big space

Question 41

What other terms can be used instead of retroperitoneal?

Answer 41

Extra/subperitoneal

Question 42

What is the peritoneum

Answer 42

a thin layer of connective tissue lining the abdominal cavity

Question 43

When the diaphragm is concave up and lifts higher, what does that mean for abdominal viscera ?

Answer 43

It can live underneath the ribs, underneath the thoracic cage

Question 45

What are the purpose of bony landmarks?

Answer 45

They allow us to navigate different body types, like those with excessive adipose tissue, as well as divide the body into planes to identify regions in which an individual is feeling pain

Question 46

How many divisions can the abdominal cavity be divided into?

Answer 46

9

Question 47

What are the quadrants the abdominal cavity can be divided into, to simplify identification?

Answer 47

Right and left upper quadrants, right and left lower quadrants

Question 48

The trans tubercular plane lies on what lumbar vetebrae?

Answer 48

L5

Question 49

the subcostal plane lies on what lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 49

L3

Question 50

Where is the transpyloric plane located

Answer 50

halfway between the jugular notch (top of the sternum) and the pubic symphysis

Question 51

Why is the transpyloric plane used as a reference point/landmark?

Answer 51

It intersects many structures and hence can allow doctors to estimate the positions of deep abdominal organs

Question 52

The transpyloric plane lands on what vertebrae

Answer 52

L1

Question 53

What is an example of an organ that lies on the transpyloric plane?

Answer 53

Pylorus of stomach, jejunum, D1, D-J flexure

Question 54

Why does referred pain exist?

Answer 54

Due to early development, the brain still thinks the GI system is a straight tube running through the midline of the body

Question 55

what is the GI tract is simple words

Answer 55

A tube from the mouth to the anus

Question 56

what are the 4 main layers of the GI tract?

Answer 56

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, serosa/adventitia

Question 57

Why did the GI tracts develop from straight/short to longer?

Answer 57

To increase surface area, which further increased absorption

Question 58

what are the 3 sections of the GI tract?

Answer 58

foregut, midgut, hindgut

Question 59

What are the main abdominal arteries and what do each of them supply

Answer 59

coeliac artery - foregut superior mesenteric artery - midgut inferior mesenteric artery - hindgut

Question 60

How can one have a 'gut-attack'

Answer 60

if the coeliac, superior/inferior mesenteric arteries are blocked, this can cause organ failure depending on which organs are affected by lack of blood supply, hence causing one's GI tract to not function properly and death.

Question 61

what does the foregut range from

Answer 61

mouth - mid duodenum

Question 62

what does the midgut range from

Answer 62

mid duodenum - 2/3 along transverse colon

Question 63

what does the hindgut range from

Answer 63

2/3 along transverse colon - anus

Question 64

What area does foregut pain localise to?

Answer 64

epigastric area

Question 65

What area does midgut pain localise to?

Answer 65

periumbilical area

Question 66

What area does hind-gut pain localise to?

Answer 66

suprapubic area

Question 67

Define the periotoneum

Answer 67

a thin double layered membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs

Question 68

summarise the functions of the peritoneum

Answer 68

supports and suspends organs via structures like mesentries, omenta and ligament, reduces friction, pathway for blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, role in immunity, localise infection