WEEK 6: 6.10 MSK anatomy refresher

Question 1

function of MSK

Answer 1

movement, structural support/posture, protection of internal organs, RBC/WBCs/platelets, calcium/phosphate storage

Question 2

components of MSK

Answer 2

muscles, bones, joints, connective tissues

Question 3

what are the 2 different types of bone

Answer 3

spongy bone, compact bone

Question 4

where do u find spongy bone?

Answer 4

epiphysis

Question 5

arrangement of spongy bone

Answer 5

lattice-like arrangement

Question 6

spongy bones are __ and __

Answer 6

light and porous

Question 7

Compact bones are arranged in what manner

Answer 7

Concentric arrangement

Question 8

What is the density of compact bones

Answer 8

strong and dense

Question 9

What do compact bones contain

Answer 9

blood vessels and nerves

Question 10

What are the 3 main cells in bones

Answer 10

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osetoclasts

Question 11

What do osteoblasts do

Answer 11

MAKE the bone matrix

Question 12

What do osteocytes do

Answer 12

Maintain bone matrix

Question 13

What do osteoclasts do

Answer 13

Resorb bone matrix

Question 14

What are forces that act on the bone during development

Answer 14

Tensile forces: Muscles contracting and pulling on tendons attached to bone
Compressive forces: Load transmitted through joints or weight-bearing actions.
Shearing forces: Twisting and bending during movement. Influence the shape and architecture of the bone.

Question 15

Different types of bone include

Answer 15

• Flat bone : skull, ribs
  -Long bone: forearms, thighs
• Sesmoid bone: patella
• irregular bone
• Short bone

Question 16

What are the two different types of bone formation?

Answer 16

Endochondral ossification: needs cartilage model to form bone
Intramembranous ossficiation: occurs inside the bone

Question 17

What are the two types of cartilage involved with MSK

Answer 17

Hyaline cartilage - found on ends of long bones present in adults & children
Fibrocartilage-

Question 18

What does hyeline cartilage contain?

Answer 18

Type II collagen

Question 19

What is the appearance of hyeline cartilage?

Answer 19

Smooth glassy appearance

Question 20

What is fibrocartilage

Answer 20

• present in sympheses and meinisci in the knee joint
• concentric. circular arrangement
• lower water content than hyeline cartilage
• collagen types I and II
• shock absorption

Question 21

3 different types of joints

Answer 21

fibrous
sinovial
cartilaginous

Question 22

What is fibrous joints

Answer 22

immoveable/very little movement
joined by dense connective tissue
eg. syndesmosis that joins fibula and tibia
eg. gomphosis - keeps teeth attached to upper and lower jaw

Question 23

what is cartilagenous joints

Answer 23

Type 1- synchondrosis - bones joined by hyaline cartilage
Type 2- symphysis - bones seperated by fibrocartilage

Question 24

What is synovial joints

Answer 24

Freely moveable joints
Bones seperated by fluid filled cavity surrounded by joint capsule

Question 25

What produces synovial fluid

Answer 25

synovial membrane

Question 26

What occurs when you crack joints?

Answer 26

pulling a joint increases joint space pressure drops and creates a vaccum, creating air bubbles that crack and create that cracking sound

Question 27

what are the subtypes of sinovial joints

Answer 27

- pivot - ball and socket - hinges - condyloid/ ellipsoid - saddle - plane/gliding

Question 28

what are other accessory joint structures?

Answer 28

ligaments bursae discs/menisci fat pads labrum

Question 29

What are ligaments?

Answer 29

- dense regular connective tissue - join two bones - found at/near joints - contain fibroblasts - resist movement and stabilisation

Question 30

what are bursae

Answer 30

- sacks of sinovial fluid that act as cushion/shock absorbers - found where moving elements are in tight proximity

Question 31

what are menisci

Answer 31

crescent-shaped pads of fibrocartilage found in certain joints, most famously in the knee. - reduce shock/absorb shock in knee - increase stability and reduce friction - a bit dense - made of fibrocartilage

Question 32

what are fat pads

Answer 32

- absorb shock, temp regulation (adipose tissue), weight distribution

Question 33

what is labrum

Answer 33

- in shoulder and hips - made up of fibrocartilage - increases the depth of socket - provides more stability and provides more area for contact between two bones

Question 34

What are the functional classification of joints

Answer 34

Synathrosis - immovable : sutures, gomphosis Amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable : ribs and any cartilaginous joints - syndesmosis, synchodrosis, symphysis Diarthrosis - freely moveable - synovial joints

Question 35

What are the different types of muscle

Answer 35

skeletal cardiac

Question 36

What is the the basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber

Answer 36

sarcomere

Question 37

What is tropomyosin

Answer 37

a regulatory protein found in skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers. It plays a key role in muscle contraction by blocking or allowing the interaction between actin and myosin.

Question 38

What are the different types of muscle contraction?

Answer 38

Isometric - muscle contracts but does not shorten Concentric - muscles shorten Eccentric - muscle elongates

Question 39

What is a tendon sheath

Answer 39

surround tendons Reduces friction → Acts like a lubricated sleeve so the tendon can glide smoothly during movement. Protects the tendon → Prevents wear and tear as the tendon moves against bones or ligaments. Allows efficient movement

Question 40

What is intermuscular septa

Answer 40

seperates muscles into compartments dense irregular connective tissue contain neurovascular bundles

Question 41

What is retinacula

Answer 41

Wrap around tendons and stop them from popping out helps stabilise the joints dense irregular connective tissue attach to bones/joint capsule

Question 42

Ligaments can aid in securing ___

Answer 42

tendons

Question 43

What is locomotion

Answer 43

the extent that joint can move under normal conditions (ROM)

Question 44

what is ROM influenced by

Answer 44

shape of joint surfaces, articular capsule, ligaments