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foundations of medicine > WEEK 8: 8.1 Pt 2 > Flashcards

WEEK 8: 8.1 Pt 2 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is the function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

A

the digestion and absorption of food and nutrients for respiration, combined with glucose and oxygen to generate energy

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2
Q

What are the main structures of the GI tract and a brief overview of their function?

A

Mouth/teeth: mastication
Oesophagus: conduit (passage for food to pass through)
Stomach: mechanical digestion (absorption)
Duodenum: digestion (bile/pancreatic juice) - absorption

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3
Q

What two things does the oesophagus connect?

A

mouth to stomach

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4
Q

What is the esophagus made up of?

A

squamous epithelium and columnar epithelium

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5
Q

Why does the esophagus become more columnar/glandular as it deepens in the digestive tract

A

the body needs to start secreting various substances/chemicals/enzymes that are important in digestion

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6
Q

What is the function of the lower oesophageal sphincter

A

to prevent food and acid reflux

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7
Q

What three things does the oesophagus pass through?

A

neck (pharynx)
Thorax
Abdomen (stomach - GOJ)

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8
Q

What are the 3 main holes in the diaphragm for?

A

one for each of the blood vessels (vena cava/aorta) + one for the diaphragm

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9
Q

Where does the esophagus enter into in the stomach?

A

the cardia

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10
Q

What is an important function of the gastro-oesophageal junction? (GOJ)

A

anatomically important prevention of reflux

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11
Q

How does the pink squamous epithelium meet the soft glandular epithelium in the esophagus

A

A clear boundary

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12
Q

What can happen to this boundary in patients who have reflux disease?

A

It can become inflamed and disrupted

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13
Q

What is a hernia?

A

an abnormal protrusion

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14
Q

What can a hiatal hernia and a weak diaphragm cause

A

Acid reflux

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15
Q

What is a hiatus hernia

A

a weakened area around the hiatus in the diaphragm, so that part of the stomach has gone up above the diaphragm.

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16
Q

What is it called when the esophagus becomes damaged from acid reflux?

A

Barret’s esophagitis

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17
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia - where esophagus connects to the stomach
Fundus - upper section
Body (Corpus) - larger central section
Pylorus- lower section

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18
Q

What kind of digestion is undergone in the stomach

A

mechanical digestion

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19
Q

What is the pH of the stomach

A

It is highly acidic, with a pH of 1.5-3.5

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20
Q

What does gastric juice contain?

A

enzymes like pepsin, which break down proteins
HCL- creates the acidic pH, activates pepsin and denatures proteins for easier digestion

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21
Q

What few nutrients can the stomach absorb?

Study These Flashcards
A

water, alcohol, aspirin

22
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the celiac artery?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • left gastric artery
  • splenic artery
  • common hepatic artery
23
Q

What curve are the right and left gastric arteries located?

Study These Flashcards
A

on the lesser curve

24
Q

What curve are the right and left gastro-omental arteries located

Study These Flashcards
A

on the greater curve

25
Why can you not palpate a majority of the stomach?
Its under the thoracic cage
26
What occurs in the duodenum?
Digestion begins
27
What are the function of the two ducts in the duodenum
pancreatic duct- brings pancreatic juice bile duct- brings bile that was produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
28
Why is it difficult to see the duodenum anatomically?
Part of it rests in retroperitoneal space, while other parts of it lie in the peritoneal layer
29
What can changes in the duodenum's location in the peritoneum cause?
atypical changes in patient symptoms, as inflammation behind the peritoneum generates pain differently
30
Name the sections of the duodenum in order
Start: pylorus of stomach Superior L1 part Descending L2 part Inferior L3 part Ascending part End: Duodenojejunal (DJ) junction
31
What negative repercussions can a duodenal ulcer cause?
It can breach integrity of the duodenal tube and cause blood vessels to hemorrhage
32
Is the small intestine readily visible?
No, most of the SI is hidden in the peritoneal cavity, you must lift the omentum to see it
33
What 3 sections does the small intestine consist of?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
34
What qualities of the small intestine allow it to have a larger surface area for absorption?
The SI is curled up rather than straight, and contains a large amount of villi
35
What does the duodenum digest/absorb
Iron
36
What does the jejunum digest/absorb
nutrients/minerals like glucose, amino acids and triglycerides
37
What does the ileum digest/absorb
vitamin B12 and bile acids
38
What is absorbed all throughout the GI and small intestine?
water
39
What is the function of the colon?
exhaust/waste disposal
40
Name some key structural features of the small intestine
- Muscular tube - Circular folds - ENS
41
Are there any points of demarcation between the jejunum and ileum?
No, aside from the DJ junction and ileo-caecal junction
42
What is a key difference in folds of the lining mucosa between the jejunum and ileum
In the jejunum, there are more folds for greater surface area of absorption, which reduces overtime as the ileum absorbs less
43
Where does the jejunum and ileum get its blood supply from?
superior mesenteric artery
44
What are vasa recta?
straight arteries that branch off from arcades and supply the walls of the intestine
45
What are arcades?
arterial loops formed by branches of the superior mesenteric artery
46
What is the difference in the structure of the vasa recta and arcades in the jejunum and ileum?
In the jejunum, the vasa recta is long and arcades and few, large loops In the ileum, the vasa recta is short and arcades have lots of small loops
47
Explain how portal veins transfer deoxygenated blood to the IVC
1. jejunal and ileal veins drain into superior MV 2. splenic vein joins SMV to create the portal vein 3. portal vein acts as a highway between the gut and liver, transfers deox blood to hepatic vein -> inferior vena cava
48
What can cause physical blockage in the small bowel ?
lumen: gallstones, intussusception wall: inflammation extrinsic: adhesions, trapped in hernia
49
Name the order in which food passes through structures in the large intestine
cecum -> ascending colon -> transverse colon -> descending colon -> sigmoid colon -> rectum
50
What is the appendix?
a blind ending tube connected to caecum
51
What is the function of the appendix?
it serves no function

foundations of medicine (103 decks)

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