Week 8- Equine Stud Medicine

Question 1

What is the role of the veterinarian in equine stud medicine

Answer 1

Oversight from conception to weaning including health breeding and foal development

Question 2

What are the components of a pre breeding examination

Answer 2

Signalment history general health genital and reproductive tract exam and required tests

Question 3

What should be considered regarding the owner’s understanding before breeding

Answer 3

Costs facilities expertise time and loss of use of mare

Question 4

What kind of breeders are mares

Answer 4

Seasonally polyestrous and long day breeders

Question 5

What is the average length of the estrous cycle in mares

Answer 5

Approximately 21 days

Question 6

How long does estrus typically last in mares

Answer 6

3 to 7 days

Question 7

When does ovulation typically occur during estrus

Answer 7

About 24 hours before the end of estrus

Question 8

What hormone dominates during dioestrus in mares

Answer 8

Progesterone

Question 9

What hormone dominates during estrus in mares

Answer 9

Estrogen

Question 10

What are typical signs a mare is in estrus

Answer 10

Sexually receptive relaxed moist cervix and uterine oedema

Question 11

What are signs of dioestrus in mares

Answer 11

Cervix closed dry and firm uterus toned and mare rejects stallion

Question 12

At what age do most mares reach puberty

Answer 12

Between 1 and 2 years

Question 13

What is considered an optimal age for first covering in mares

Answer 13

5 to 6 years old

Question 14

Why is conception rate lower in maiden mares over 12 years old

Answer 14

Due to age related decline in fertility common in retired performance mares

Question 15

What is assessed during external genitalia exam in a mare

Answer 15

Vulval conformation perineal integrity and pelvic seal

Question 16

What are the three seals of the caudal reproductive tract

Answer 16

Vulva vestibule and cervix

Question 17

What is the ideal vulval conformation in mares

Answer 17

Vulval lips meet on midline 80 percent of opening below pelvic brim and less than 10 degrees off vertical

Question 18

What does pneumovaginum increase the risk of

Answer 18

Faecal contamination and uterine infection

Question 19

What is assessed during vaginal examination

Answer 19

Integrity of vaginal wall cervix vestibular seal and presence of urine pooling or varicosities

Question 20

What is the purpose of rectal examination in mares

Answer 20

To palpate uterus and ovaries assess tone and guide ultrasound

Question 21

What can be detected via transrectal ultrasound in the uterus

Answer 21

Oedema fluid tone and pregnancy

Question 22

What is the significance of uterine oedema during estrus

Answer 22

It increases then drops about 24 hours before ovulation

Question 23

What is the normal response to post breeding fluid in the uterus

Answer 23

Cleared within 24 to 48 hours

Question 24

What should be done if uterine fluid is greater than 2 cm

Answer 24

Treat and investigate for potential endometritis

Question 25

What can delayed uterine clearance indicate

Answer 25

Older or multiparous mare with poor conformation and possible endometritis

Question 26

What is evaluated on ultrasound of ovaries

Answer 26

Follicle size consistency location and ovulatory status

Question 27

What pathogens are tested via clitoral swab

Answer 27

Taylorella equigenitalis Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 28

Where are clitoral swabs taken from

Answer 28

Clitoral fossa and sinuses

Question 29

Why are clitoral swabs not preceded by cleaning

Answer 29

To avoid removing surface bacteria needed for diagnosis

Question 30

When are endometrial swabs typically collected

Answer 30

During estrus when the cervix is open

Question 31

What does an endometrial swab help diagnose

Answer 31

Uterine infections and inflammation such as endometritis

Question 32

What are the three forms of breeding management

Answer 32

Natural service artificial insemination and advanced reproductive technologies

Question 33

What is the main advantage of hand mating over pasture mating

Answer 33

Greater control and reduced risk of injury

Question 34

What are the benefits of artificial insemination

Answer 34

Reduced disease risk access to distant stallions and safety for both animals

Question 35

What is the insemination dose for frozen semen

Answer 35

300 million progressively motile sperm

Question 36

What is the lifespan of fresh semen in the mare

Answer 36

About 72 hours

Question 37

What is the lifespan of chilled semen in the mare

Answer 37

About 36 hours

Question 38

What is the lifespan of frozen semen in the mare

Answer 38

About 12 hours

Question 39

How soon before ovulation should fresh semen be inseminated

Answer 39

24 to 36 hours

Question 40

When should frozen semen be inseminated

Answer 40

6 to 12 hours before or up to 6 hours after ovulation

Question 41

What drug is used to induce luteolysis in dioestrus mares

Answer 41

Prostaglandin F2 alpha

Question 42

When can prostaglandin be used to shorten the luteal phase

Answer 42

When a mature corpus luteum is present at least 5 days post ovulation

Question 43

Which drug mimics the LH surge to induce ovulation

Answer 43

Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG

Question 44

What is the typical response time to hCG for ovulation

Answer 44

Within 36 to 48 hours

Question 45

Which drug induces endogenous LH release

Answer 45

Deslorelin

Question 46

How is deslorelin administered

Answer 46

As a subcutaneous implant in the vulva or via intramuscular injection

Question 47

What is the goal of post breeding ultrasound

Answer 47

To confirm ovulation and identify abnormal uterine fluid

Question 48

What is used to treat mild post breeding fluid accumulation

Answer 48

Oxytocin given intramuscularly or intravenously

Question 49

When does the embryo arrive in the uterus

Answer 49

By Day 5 after ovulation

Question 50

When can pregnancy be reliably diagnosed by ultrasound

Answer 50

Day 14 after ovulation

Question 51

What is the preferred time for twin reduction

Answer 51

Before implantation around Day 16

Question 52

What is embryo transfer

Answer 52

Flushing an embryo from a donor mare and transferring it to a synchronized recipient mare