WK 5 Middle Childhood

Question 1

Across cultures, the transition from early
childhood to middle childhood is recognised
as an important shift in children’s
development, when they become capable of

Answer 1

greater cognitive challenges and personal
responsibility (Sameroff & Haith ).

Question 2

cognitive structures
pertaining to common
cultural activities

Answer 2

cultural models

Question 3

Children’s social worlds
expand and include more time devoted to —— and —–use

Answer 3

friends
and media use.

Question 4

Some children become
——– during these years and need to start ——- ——.

Answer 4

nearsighted

wearing glasses

Question 5

Of al age groups in the life
span, 6- to 10-year-olds have the lowest ———

Answer 5

body mass index (BMI) ,
a measure of the ratio of weight to height (Guilaume & Lissau )

Question 6

Only after age —— did boys grow
stronger than girls (Ervin et al. ).

Answer 6

11

Question 7

the average 10-year-old can throw a ball ——- as far as the
average 6-year-old.

Answer 7

twice

Question 8

From age 6 to 12, children lose —————————- and new,
permanent teeth replace them

Answer 8

al 20 of their ‘primary teeth’

Question 9

visual condition of being unable to see distant
objects clearly; also known as being
nearsighted

Answer 9

myopia

Question 10

The increases in myopia can be put down to lifestyle
factors such ——————————————————————- (American Optometric
Association ; Holden et al., 2016).

Answer 10

as spending less time outside and more time on tasks
such as reading or using a screen

Question 11

Increasing
17
myelination of the —— ———accelerates reaction
time in middle childhood for both gross motor and fine motor tasks
(Roeder et al. )

Answer 11

corpus calosum (connecting the two hemispheres of
the brain (see the chapter ‘Early childhood ’)

Question 12

the ability to solve cognitive problems without
becoming distracted and to adjust one’s
strategy as the nature of a problem changes

Answer 12

executive function

Question 13

In many developing countries, children become
29
valuable as factory workers in middle childhood because of their
ability to perform ——————-such as weaving rugs
(International Labour Organization [ILO] ).

Answer 13

intricate fine motor tasks

Question 14

During middle childhood
a. girls are usually taller and heavier than boys
b. girls and boys are more likely to be slim than at any
other time
c. the incidence of myopia decreases
d. ear infections are more likely than they were earlier in
the life span because of more exposure to germs during
the school years

Answer 14

b. girls and boys are more likely to be slim than at any
other time

Question 15

During middle childhood,
a. obesity
b. myopia
c. diabetes
d. depression

sharply increases.

Answer 15

b. myopia

Question 16

the
boys and girls.

During middle childhood, there is an increase in myelination of
that accelerates the reaction time for both

a. Broca’s area
b. Wernicke’s area
c. corpus callosum
d. pituitary gland

Answer 16

c. corpus callosum

Question 17

For 6-year-old Emmanuel, which of the following fine motor
tasks is developmentally appropriate?
a. Writing complete sentences and spelling multi-syllable
words, such as ‘hippopotamus’
b. Running a 4-minute mile, jumping over hurdles and
dribbling a basketball
c. Writing the letters of the alphabet, writing his name and
writing numbers from 1 to 10
d. Writing in cursive

Answer 17

a. Writing complete sentences and spelling multi-syllable
words, such as ‘hippopotamus’

Question 18

By the time Shawna has reached the end of middle childhood,
what abilities are close to adult maturity?
a. Fine motor abilities
b. Gross motor abilities
c. Eye-hand coordination
d. Psychomotor skills

Answer 18

a. Fine motor abilities

Question 19

defined as having a BMI
exceeding 18 for children

Answer 19

overweight

Question 20

defined as having a BMI
exceeding 21 in children

Answer 20

obesity

Question 21

What is the current understanding of how genetics influences
obesity?
a. Genetics is a good explanation for recent rises in
obesity rates during childhood; however, it does little to
explain the rates of obesity for adulthood.
b. Genetics only explains obesity with regard to females.
c. Obesity is more likely to be caused by genetics than the
environment.
d. Genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates;
rather, it provides only a risk for overweight and
obesity.

Answer 21

d. Genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates;
rather, it provides only a risk for overweight and
obesity.

FRM: Genetics also makes a contribution to obesity. Concordance rates for
obesity are higher among MZ twins than DZ twins. Adopted children
tend to have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents than to
their adoptive parents (Whitaker et al.48). Research has even
identified a specific gene, called FTO, that sharply increases
children’s risk for obesity (Frayling et al.49). However, genetics cannot
explain recent rises in obesity rates. Genetics provides only a risk for
overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny.

Question 22

Children in developed countries have a different kind of nutritional
problem: not too few kilojoules but too many. Across countries, rates
of overweight and obesity are on the increase, with nearly 1 in
— children in OECD countries rated as overweight or obese
(OECD39).

Answer 22

6

Question 23

——- can result in
diabetes in middle childhood, which eventualy can lead to problems
such as blindness, kidney failure and stroke.

Answer 23

obesity

Question 24

Your neighbours eat out quite a bit, and most of it is fast food.
Their 8-year-old daughter is obese with a BMI of 24. Which of
the folowing statements is most accurate?
a. They should not be concerned because most children
outgrow their obesity.
b. As long as they emphasise that ‘beauty is from within’,
they should not be concerned about emotional
problems.
c. They should be concerned because she is at
heightened risk for kidney failure and blindness.
d. They should be concerned because of an increased
chance of ADHD correlated with the stress of being
obese.

Answer 24

c. They should be concerned because she is at
heightened risk for kidney failure and blindness.

Question 25

In developed countries, . a. lead poisoning continues to be one of the top causes of death during middle childhood b. middle childhood is the least safe time of life because of an increased need for independence at this period in development c. even children who do not receive vaccinations are less susceptible to fatal diseases in middle childhood than they were earlier in their development d. rates of minor ilnesses have increased during recent decades, even though rates of more serious ilnesses have declined

Answer 25

c. even children who do not receive vaccinations are less susceptible to fatal diseases in middle childhood than they were earlier in their development

Question 26

One exception to this trend towards healthier development in middle childhood is -----

Answer 26

asthma , a chronic ilness of the lungs characterised by wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath.

Question 27

Which of the folowing is not a trigger for an asthma attack? a. Dust mites b. Takeaway food c. Strong odours d. Air polution

Answer 27

b. Takeaway food

Question 28

‘hygiene hypothesis’ suggesting that

Answer 28

high standards of cleanliness and sanitation expose children to fewer viruses and bacteria, and consequently they have fewer ilnesses in their early years that would strengthen their immune systems and make them less susceptible to asthma (Lautenbacher & Perzanowski ).

Question 29

The most common causes of injury in middle childhood are

Answer 29

car accidents, drowning and burns

Question 30

In middle childhood, physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace—about ---- to ----cm per year in height and about ---- to --- kg per year in weight.

Answer 30

5–8cm /year 2.5–3 kg per/year

Question 31

Across countries, rates of overweight and obesity are ------- in the most affluent regions and -------- in the poorest regions. Obesity is a cultural phenomenon

Answer 31

highest lowest

Question 32

In both developed and developing countries, middle childhood is a time of ------------------, with low rates of ilnesses and diseases due to -----------------.

Answer 32

unusualy high physical welbeing stronger immune systems

Question 33

in Piaget’s theory, the cognitive stage in which children become capable of using mental operations

Answer 33

concrete operations

Question 34

In Piaget’s view, children aged ---- to ---- are most notable cognitively for what they cannot do—they cannot perform mental operations—and for the kinds of mistakes they make

Answer 34

2–6

Question 35

Piaget regarded the cognitive stage from age --- to ---- concrete operations . During this stage, children become capable of using mental operations, which alow them to organise and manipulate information mentaly instead of relying on physical and sensory associations.

Answer 35

7 to 11

Question 36

ability to arrange things in a logical order, such as shortest to longest, thinnest to thickest, or lightest to darkest

Answer 36

seriation

Question 37

ability to focus attention on relevant information and disregard what is irrelevant

Answer 37

selective attention

Question 38

a diagnosis that includes problems of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness

Answer 38

ttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 39

memory strategies, such as rehearsal, organisation and elaboration

Answer 39

mnemonics

Question 40

mnemonic that involves repeating the same information over and over

Answer 40

rehearsal

Question 41

mnemonic that involves placing things mentaly into meaningful categories

Answer 41

organisation

Question 42

mnemonic that involves transforming bits of information in a way that connects them and hence makes them easier to remember

Answer 42

elaboration

Question 43

understanding of how memory works

Answer 43

metamemory

Question 44

capacity for acquiring knowledge, reasoning and solving problems

Answer 44

intelligence

Question 45

-------- --------- refers to problem solving. As mentioned earlier, it includes inhibitory control, or staying focused on the task at hand and not becoming distracted, and flexibility, or adjusting one’s strategy as the nature of a task changes

Answer 45

‘Executive function’

Question 46

score of mental ability as assessed by inte ligence tests, calculated relative to the performance of other people of the same age

Answer 46

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Question 47

level of cognitive abilities of people who score 70 or below on IQ tests

Answer 47

intellectual disability

Question 48

in IQ test performance, people who score 130 or above are considered

Answer 48

gifted

Question 49

the contribution of twin studies and intelligence (IQ) studies leave little doubt that -------contributes strongly to IQ scores.

Answer 49

genetics It is especia ly striking that the correlation in IQ is much lower for adopted siblings who have grown up in the same family and neighbourhood and attended the same schools than it is for MZ twins who have been raised separately and have never even known each other.

Question 50

steep rise in the median IQ score in Western countries during the 20th century, named after James ------ , who first identified it

Answer 50

Flynn effect Flynn

Question 51

Gardner’s theory that there are eight distinct types of inte ligence

Answer 51

theory of multiple intelligences

Question 52

Sternberg’s theory that there are three distinct but related forms of inte ligence

Answer 52

triarchic theory of intelligence

Question 53

Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence 3 areas of intelligence

Answer 53

Creative Analytical Practical

Question 54

Gardner’s , 133 134 theory of multiple intelligences includes eight types of inte ligence

Answer 54

linguistic logical–mathematical spatial (the ability to think three dimensionally) musical; bodily kinaesthetic (the kind that athletes and dancers excel in); naturalist (ability to understand natural phenomena); interpersonal (ability to understand and interact with others); and intrapersonal (self understanding).

Question 55

Maurice is 8 years old and is shown two round bals of clay that are equal in size. He watches as the experimenter rols one bal into a long sausage shape. When asked, ‘Which has more clay?’, he wil likely reply: . a. ‘The ball.’ b. ‘The long one that looks like a sausage.’ c. ‘I’m not sure; I’l need to weigh them.’ d. ‘They’re both the same.

Answer 55

d. ‘They’re both the same. " Piaget regarded the cognitive stage from age 7 to 11 concrete operations . During this stage, children become capable of using mental operations, which alow them to organise and manipulate information mentaly instead of relying on physical and sensory associations. According to Piaget, the advances of concrete operations are evident in new abilities for performing tasks of conservation, classification and seriation"

Question 56

Marina is 9 years old and is capable of concrete operational thought. Like most other children her age, she should . a. fail the three mountain task, but pass the abstract thinking task b. sti l have great difficulty with seriation tasks, such as arranging items from shortest to longest c. be able to organise and manipulate information mentaly d. think in terms of hypotheticals

Answer 56

c. be able to organise and manipulate information mentaly

Question 57

ADHD is usualy treated with . a. group therapy b. methylphenidate c. cocaine d. esomeprazole

Answer 57

b. methylphenidate

Question 58

4. Selective attention . a. refers to the placement of things into meaningful categories b. refers to thinking about thinking c. refers to focusing on the relevant stimuli, while ignoring what is irrelevant d. is a common measure of inteligence

Answer 58

c. refers to focusing on the relevant stimuli, while ignoring what is irrelevant

Question 59

Both Gardner’s and Sternberg’s theories of inte ligence propose . a. that there are multiple components of inteligence b. that there are three different types of inte ligence c. that creativity is genetica ly determined d. an IQ score that alows comparisons among individuals

Answer 59

a. that there are multiple components of inteligence

Question 60

in the understanding of language, skils that reflect awareness of the underlying structure of language

Answer 60

metalinguistic skills

Question 61

--------------- is learning disability that includes difficulty sounding out letters, difficulty learning to spe l words and a tendency to misperceive the order of letters in words

Answer 61

dyslexia

Question 62

cognitive disorder that impedes the development of learning a specific skil such as reading or maths

Answer 62

learning disability

Question 63

understanding of the meaning of numbers

Answer 63

numeracy

Question 64

difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmeticv

Answer 64

dyscalculia

Question 65

Which statement best describes the history of education in New Zealand? a. During the late 19th century, children went to school mostly during the spring and summer because it was too expensive to heat the schoolhouse at other times of the year. b. Enrolment in school decreased throughout much of the 19th century. c. In the late 19th century, classrooms were segregated by gender and age. d. Prior to 1877, school was not compulsory or free.

Answer 65

d. Prior to 1877, school was not compulsory or free.

Question 66

Which of the folowing is one of several features of Asian schools that reflect co lectivistic cultural beliefs? a. Children are required to help maintain the cleanliness and order of the school. b. Children are required to go to school on fewer days than children in Western cultures. c. Rather than wearing a school uniform, parents decide how their children wil dress. d. Children often work alone so that they can master difficult ski ls as quickly as possible

Answer 66

a. Children are required to help maintain the cleanliness and order of the school.

Question 67

Indigenous Australian and Māori students reported that from their perspective, this one thing would contribute to improved academic achievement. a. More parent involvement b. After-school tutoring c. More discipline d. Closer and more authentic relationships with teachers

Answer 67

c. More discipline d. Closer and more authentic relationships with teachers "Te Kōtahitanga aimed at empowering them to change the deficit thinking in their own classrooms that was impacting on their day-to-day interactions with students. Evaluations found improved teacher–student relationships; more group and individual activities (less whole-class instruction), a lowing more time for quality dialogue with students; less teaching from the front of the classroom, increasing expectations for Māori students; and higher rates of engagement and work completion."

Question 68

Josie is having difficulty in understanding numbers and learning basic arithmetic facts. Josie is likely to have . a. dyslexia b. dyscalculia c. dysgraphia d. autism spectrum disorder

Answer 68

dyscalculia

Question 69

Kara is a primary school teacher and has a number of posters on her wal to help her students read. The poster that reads ‘an says can’ is most likely to be which reading approach? a. Montessori b. Phonics c. Intensive reading d. Choral reading

Answer 69

b. Phonics

Question 70

research method that involves having people wear beepers or have access to a mobile device or hand-held computer, usualy for a period of 1 week; when they are alerted at random times during the day, they record a variety of characteristics of their experience at that moment

Answer 70

Experience Sampling Method (ESM)

Question 71

emotional state of experiencing two contradictory emotions at once

Answer 71

ambivalence

Question 72

person’s perception and evaluation of themself

Answer 72

self-concept

Question 73

how people view themselves in relation to others with regard to status, abilities or achievements

Answer 73

social comparison

Question 74

In middle childhood, children become more accurate in ------------------------ themselves to others

Answer 74

comparing

Question 75

In the same way that children learn how to arrange sticks accurately from shortest to ta lest in middle childhood, they also learn to rank themselves more accurately in abilities relative to other children - is an example of what piagian cognitive ability:

Answer 75

seriation

Question 76

---- ------- reflects children’s more realistic appraisal of their abilities as they compare themselves to others and are rated by teachers, during middle childhood

Answer 76

self-esteem

Question 77

An important change in self-esteem in middle childhood is that it becomes more --------

Answer 77

differentiated ie: academic competence, social competence, athletic competence and physical appearance ie: example, children may see themselves as good at swimming but not basketbal, while also having an overal high or low evaluation of their athletic competence

Question 78

For most children and adolescents, ------ ------- is the strongest contributor to overal self-esteem (Harter, 2012; Klomsten et al. ).

Answer 78

physical appearance

Question 79

self-concept contributes to overa l self-esteem only if they value doing wel in that area. For example, a child may be no good at sport but, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Answer 79

not care about sport, in which case low athletic self-concept would have no effect on overal self-esteem.

Question 80

general term used to describe people who do not retain the gender identity they were assigned at birth

Answer 80

transgender

Question 81

general term used to describe people who biologically are not unambiguously male or female exclusively

Answer 81

intersex

Question 82

general term used to describe people who retain the gender identity they were given at birth

Answer 82

cisgender

Question 83

Dr Marinelo is using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) method for her research. She is most likely measuring . a. emotions b. self-esteem c. self-concept d. metacognitive awareness

Answer 83

a. emotions

Question 84

Which of the folowing statements reflects the self-concept of a child who is 7 years old? a. My name is Josh and I am one of the smartest kids in my class. b. My name is Maisie and I have two brothers and brown hair. c. My name is Jessi and I am outgoing but also withdrawn at times. d. My name is Daisy and I like to interact with others.

Answer 84

a. My name is Josh and I am one of the smartest kids in my class.

Question 85

When compared to her 6-year-old sister, Isabele, who is in Year 8, is more likely to describe herself in terms of characteristics. a. physical b. concrete c. psychological d. external

Answer 85

c. psychological Up until the age of 7 or 8, most children describe themselves mainly in terms of external, concrete, physical characteristics.

Question 86

Up until the age of 7 or 8, most children describe themselves mainly in terms of ______, ____, ______characteristics. (‘My name is Grace. I’m 7 years old. I have brown eyes and short black hair. I have two little brothers.’)

Answer 86

external, concrete, physical

Question 87

In the course of middle childhood, they add more internal, -----, ---------- traits to their self-descriptions

Answer 87

psychological, personality-related (‘I’m shy.’ ‘I’m friendly.’ ‘I try to be helpful.’) They may also mention characteristics that are not me (‘I don’t like art.’ ‘I’m not very good at learning Japanese.’)

Question 88

----- ----- (play based term) sees its function as clarifying gender boundaries during middle childhood.

Answer 88

‘border work’

Question 89

During middle childhood, . a. both boys and girls come to see occupations they associate with men as having higher status than occupations they associate with women b. gender segregation is unique to play groups in New Zealand c. boys feel less competent than their female counterparts in maths and science, even when they have equal abilities in these areas based on their grades d. play groups in traditional cultures become less gender segregated than they were in early childhood

Answer 89

a. both boys and girls come to see occupations they associate with men as having higher status than occupations they associate with women

Question 90

relationship between parents and children in which parents provide broad guidelines for behaviour but children are capable of a substantial amount of independent, self directed behaviour

Answer 90

co-regulation

Question 91

quality of the relationships between family members

Answer 91

family process

Question 92

pattern in relations between parents and children in which children’s disobedient behaviour evokes harsh responses from parents, which in turn makes children even more resistant to parental control, evoking even harsher responses

Answer 92

coercive cycle

Question 93

in social relations, the principle that people tend to prefer being around others who are like themselves

Answer 93

selective association

Question 94

within a group, the degree of power, authority and influence that each person has in the view of the others

Answer 94

social status

Question 95

behaviours that include being friendly, helpful, cooperative and considerate

Answer 95

social skills

Question 96

in social encounters, evaluations of others’ intentions, motivations and behaviour

Answer 96

social information processing (SIP)

Question 97

pattern of maltreatment of peers, including aggression, repetition and power imbalance

Answer 97

bullying

Question 98

Erikson’s middle childhood stage, in which the alternatives are to learn to work effectively with cultural materials or, if adults are too critical, develop a sense of being incapable of working effectively

Answer 98

industry versus inferiority

Question 99

Which of the folowing best ilustrates co-regulation? a. A child makes her bed without being asked because she knows that her parents expect the house to stay clean. b. Siblings both run to their mother to tel her what the other did to get that child in trouble. c. A parent tels her child how disappointed she is in her behaviour. d. A child speaks for her younger, non-verbal sibling.

Answer 99

a. A child makes her bed without being asked because she knows that her parents expect the house to stay clean.

Question 100

Which of the folowing statements about families is TRUE? a. Most children of gay and lesbian couples are heterosexual. b. In an effort to escape poverty, children of single-parent families have higher achievement at school than their counterparts from two-parent families. c. Less than half of New Zealand children live with two parents. d. Compared to other countries, rates of single motherhood are lowest in Northern Europe.

Answer 100

d. Compared to other countries, rates of single motherhood are lowest in Northern Europe.

Question 100

3. In middle childhood, for children ending friendships. becomes the main reason a. having less leisure time as a result of more homework b. different religious backgrounds c. violating trust d. increased competitiveness

Answer 100

c. violating trust

Question 101

Around the world, child labour . a. is most likely to involve working in service industries, such as cleaning b. is highest in Germany and Spain c. has been declining as a result of greater attention to the problem of exploitation d. is no longer a problem as a result of an increase in the number of years children are required to go to school

Answer 101

c. has been declining as a result of greater attention to the problem of exploitation