WK3 Toddlerhood Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
What are concerns with screen media use in toddlerhood?
A
Delayed language development and reduced social interaction.
2
Q
How does attachment vary across cultures?
A
Secure attachment is most common, but avoidant and resistant types vary culturally.
3
Q
How does play contribute to development?
A
Enhances cognitive, language, emotional, and social skills.
4
Q
What are the four types of attachment in toddlerhood?
A
Secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, disorganised.
5
Q
What is emotional self-regulation and when does it develop?
A
The ability to manage emotions, developing gradually in toddlerhood.
6
Q
What type of play emerges in toddlerhood?
A
Parallel play and simple social play.
7
Q
What is the Strange Situation procedure?
A
A structured observation to assess attachment type.
8
Q
What is secure attachment?
A
The child uses the caregiver as a secure base and is comforted by their return.
9
Q
What is fast mapping?
A
The ability to quickly connect new words with their meanings after minimal exposure.
10
Q
What challenges are associated with weaning?
A
Emotional attachment, appetite changes, cultural beliefs.
11
Q
What is empathy and when does it emerge?
A
Understanding others’ emotions; begins in toddlerhood.
12
Q
How do language strategies differ across cultures?
A
Some use direct speech, others rely on observation or indirect methods.
13
Q
What changes occur in toddler sleep?
A
Increased resistance to sleep and more frequent night waking.
14
Q
Name two strategies toddlers use to self-regulate emotions.
A
Using language to describe feelings and seeking comfort objects or people.
15
Q
What influence do fathers have in toddler development?
A
Increasing involvement is linked to positive cognitive and social outcomes.
16
Q
When do toddlers typically have a 50-word and 200-word vocabulary?
A
50 words by 18 months, 200 words by 24 months.
17
Q
What anatomical features enable spoken language?
A
Larynx positioning and specific brain regions.
18
Q
What are common motor milestones by 24 months?
A
Kicking and throwing a ball, walking down stairs, jumping off low steps, and riding a push bike.
19
Q
What are early signs of autism in toddlers?
A
Lack of eye contact, delayed speech, limited social interaction.
20
Q
What is disorganised attachment?
A
Characterised by contradictory behaviours, often linked to fear or trauma.
21
Q
What is insecure-resistant attachment?
A
The child is distressed when the caregiver leaves and ambivalent upon return.
22
Q
How do cultural values influence emotional regulation in toddlers?
A
Collectivist cultures often have stricter expectations than individualistic ones.
23
Q
What is categorisation and when does it develop?
A
Grouping objects by shared characteristics; begins in infancy and becomes more advanced in toddlerhood.
24
Q
How does parenting style affect language development?
A
Responsive, stimulating environments promote faster language acquisition.
25
How do siblings affect toddler development?
Siblings act as role models and sources of emotional and social learning.
26
At what age are early signs of autism usually identified?
Between 18 and 30 months.
27
What is the average weight and height gain per year during toddlerhood?
About 2.5 kg and 7.5 cm per year.
28
Do cultural differences affect language development in toddlers?
Yes, some cultures encourage talking, others discourage, but toddlers typically become fluent by age 3.
29
What are signs of sleep issues in toddlers?
Resistance to bedtime, night waking, and nightmares.
30
What cultural practice aids weaning in some societies?
Separating the toddler from the mother (e.g., Fulani grandmothers' strategy).
31
What is overregularisation?
Applying grammatical rules too strictly (e.g., 'mouses' instead of 'mice').
32
What is self-recognition and when does it appear?
The ability to recognise oneself in a mirror; usually around 18 months.
33
By age 3, what fine motor skills are developed?
Brushing teeth (with help), stacking 8–10 blocks, colouring large shapes.
34
What is the AAP recommendation on screen time for toddlers?
No screen time under 18 months (except video chatting); 1 hour max for 2–5-year-olds.
35
What is a holophrase?
A single word used by toddlers to express a complete idea (e.g., 'Juice' for 'I want juice').
36
What brain developments occur in toddlerhood?
Synaptic density peaks, then pruning begins; EEG and fMRI are common tools used to study the brain.
37
How is shame different from guilt?
Shame involves feeling bad about oneself; guilt involves feeling bad about an action.
38
What is kwashiorkor and when is it common?
A toddlerhood condition due to protein deficiency, causing swollen belly, hair loss, and low energy.
39
What marks the transition in gross motor development from infancy to toddlerhood?
Toddlers go from barely being able to walk at 12 months to running and jumping by age 3.
40
According to Piaget, what key cognitive ability develops in toddlerhood?
Mental representation, crucial for language, problem-solving, deferred imitation, and categorisation.
41
How is father involvement different across cultures?
Traditional cultures have less direct involvement than developed countries.
42
What causes infantile amnesia?
Immature hippocampus and ongoing neuron production.
43
What is the typical sleep duration for toddlers?
About 12 to 13 hours per 24-hour period.
44
When do most toddlers begin walking independently?
Between 9 and 17 months, with an average around 11 months.
45
Why is mental representation important in toddlerhood?
It enables language use, problem-solving, and pretend play.
46
What is insecure-avoidant attachment?
The child shows little reaction to caregiver leaving or returning.
47
How can caregivers support healthy media use?
Co-viewing, discussing content, and limiting time.
48
What sociomoral emotions appear in toddlerhood?
Shame, guilt, embarrassment.
49
What factors influence quality of attachment?
Sensitivity, responsiveness of caregiver, and child temperament.
50
What signals readiness for toilet training?
Showing independence, control, and interest.
51
What is deferred imitation?
The ability to imitate actions observed at an earlier time.
52
What is Vygotsky's view on cognitive development?
It is shaped by cultural interaction, using concepts like scaffolding and the zone of proximal development.
53
What is food neophobia?
Reluctance to try new foods, common in toddlers.
54
What factors influence timing of toilet training?
Cultural beliefs, caregiver expectations, and child readiness.
55
What are common signs a child is ready to toilet train?
Stays dry for hours, shows interest, follows instructions.
56
What role do tantrums play in development?
They are expressions of emotional regulation struggles.
57
What is telegraphic speech and when does it occur?
Two-word combinations like 'want toy' at around 24 months.
58
What is the prevalence of autism worldwide?
Around 1 in 100 children.
59
What role do siblings and peers play in toddler socialisation?
They broaden the social world and provide early friendships.
60
What are overextensions and underextensions in toddler speech?
Overextensions use a word too broadly; underextensions use it too narrowly.
61
by their third birthday, toddlers have
begun to grasp wel the moral worldview of their
culture and they exhibit the sociomoral emotions
of
guilt, embarrassment and shame
62
Margaret Mead described the
change from infancy to toddlerhood as going
from being a ‘lap child’, in almost constant
physical contact with the mother, to being a
‘knee
child’, who is attached to the mother but also
spends a lot of time in a wider social circle
63
During the second and third years of life, physical growth is rapid compared to any other time of life, except for the
f the first year, is the fastest/most rapid
64
Aside from This is true for bodily growth aand brain developmen and sleep patterns changes
Toddlerhood is also a time of dramatic advances in
both gross and fine motor development.
65
Throughout
childhood, the average boy is slightly
ta ler and heavier than the
average girl.
66
the head, which was one-quarter of the neonate’s
length, is one-fifth of the 2-year-old’s height. The rest of the body wil
continue to grow faster than the head, and by adulthood the head wil
be
one-eighth the size of the whole body.
67
micronutrients
dietary ingredients essential to optimal
physical growth, including iodine, iron, zinc
and vitamins A, B12, C and D
micronutrients
68
symptoms such as lethargy, irritability,
thinning hair and swolen body, are symptoms of
kwashiorkor which may be
fatal if not treated
69
Perhaps the most crucial micronutrient deficiency worldwide is
iodine
70
adding iodine to a diet is simple, using:
through iodised salt
71
Early brain
development is most distinguished by the steep increase in
synaptic density
(density of synapses among neurons in the
brain; peaks around age 3)
72
EEG stands for?
and measures
electroencephalogram
measures the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex
measure overall activity of the cerebral cortex
as well as activation of specific parts
73
fMRI stands for and its finction:
functional magnetic resonance
imaging
monitoring brain activity in which a
record changes in blood
flow and oxygen use in the brain in response
to different kinds of stimulation
74
Australian toddlers aged 12–28 months averaged about ---
hours of sleep at night and 1.5 hours during the day
11
75
what part of the brain that is especialy important in
long-term memory encoding and recall, is still in a highly immature
state of development during infancy but matures substantially during
toddlerhood
the
hippocampus,
76
ability to take the word symbols of a
language and combine them in a virtualy
infinite number of new ways
infinite generativity
77
when a child uses a single word to refer to a broader category than it actually represents.
Overextension
Example: calling all four-legged animals "dog".
78
At what age are overextensions and underextensions commonly observed?
A: Typically during the vocabulary explosion phase around 18 to 30 months of age.
79
What is underextension in toddler language development?
A: Underextension is when a child uses a word too narrowly.
Example: using the word "bottle" only for their own milk bottle, not for others
80
What is overregularisation in toddler language development?
A: Overregularisation is when toddlers apply grammatical rules too broadly, even to exceptions.
Example: saying “runned” instead of “ran”.
81
Why does overregularisation occur in toddler speech?
A: It shows that toddlers are learning and applying rules of grammar but haven't yet mastered irregular forms.
82
Piaget emphasised the importance of the physical environment in supporting
children’s cognitive development, while Vygotsky drew attention to the
social and
cultural influences (i.e. scaffolding and zone of proximal development
83
secondary emotions or sociomoral emotions are developed through
Social Learning
84
Marasmus is a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by a deficiency in all macronutrients, particularly calories, leading to extreme weight loss and emaciation
Marasmus
85
Marasmus and kwashiorkor are two severe forms of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), but they differ in their primary deficiencies and clinical manifestations.
Marasmus results from a deficiency of all macronutrients, particularly a severe energy deficiency, leading to a wasted, shriveled appearance.
Kwashiorkor, on the other hand, is primarily a protein deficiency, even with adequate calorie intake, and is characterized by edema, especially in the lower extremities and abdomen.
86
parents who bribe their children to eat healthier foods—‘If
you eat three more bites of carrots, then you can have some ice
cream’—which leads the children to
view healthy foods as a trial and
unhealthy foods as a reward
87
------ is the most common nutritional deficiency
Calcium
It is found in foods
such as beans, peas, broccoli and dairy products (e.g., yogurt, milk
and cheese).
88
In developing
countries, malnutrition is the norm rather than the exception. The two
most common types of nutritional deficiencies involve ----- and ----.
protein and iron.
89
dietary deficiency of iron that causes
problems such as fatigue, irritability and
attention difficulties
anaemia
90
In developing countries, the causes of death in early childhood are
usualy i lnesses and diseases, especialy -----, ----- and --------
pneumonia, malaria and
measles
91
minor ilnesses are common in early childhood,
with most children experiencing ----to ---- per year
7–10
92
. This combination leads
to high rates of injuries in early childhood and these injuries are the
most common reason for death and hospitalisation between 5 and 14
years
Young children have high activity levels and their motor development
is advanced enough for them to be able to run, jump and climb, but
their cognitive development is not yet advanced enough for them to
anticipate situations that might be dangerous
93
Despite the high rates of accidental injury among young children in
developing countries, disease is a far greater danger, causing about
---% of child deaths
95
94
accidental injuries are the leading cause of death for young
children in developed countries because
so few of them die from
i lness or disease.
95
1. During early childhood,
.
a. the amount of tooth decay is similar between children in
developing and developed countries
b. girls are slightly ta ler and heavier than boys
c. physical development occurs at a more rapid pace than
it did in the first 3 years
d. most children become more like adults in terms of their
body proportions
d. most children become more like adults in terms of their
body proportions
96
Your cousin has a 5-year-old son and a 3-year-old daughter.
He has been taking them to story time at the library, but his
daughter is having a very difficult time sitting stil, even for 10
minutes. His son is able to sit through the entire story time
because his is more fuly developed than his
sister’s.
a. reticular formation
b. hippocampus
c. corpus calosum
d. cerebelu
a. reticular formation (attention)
97
3. Limited autobiographical memory prior to age 5 is probably
due to incomplete myelination of the .
a. reticular formation
b. hippocampus
c. corpus calosum
d. Broca’s area
b. hippocampus
98
Walter is a 5-year-old boy who lives in New Zealand. Based on
the research, if he has a nutritional problem it is most likely to
be
.
a. marasmus
b. kwashiorkor
c. calcium deficiency
d. protein deficiency
c. calcium deficiency
99
Accidental injury among young children .
a. is less of a danger than disease in developing countries
b. happens at a greater rate in developed countries than in
developing countries
c. is equa ly common among boys and girls
d. is extremely rare (less than 5%) because of increased
awareness and better technology
a. is less of a danger than disease in developing countries
100
Early childhood (ages 3–6) extends toddler skills like
hopping,
climbing stairs, and
throwing balls.
Children learn to
hop on one foot,
climb stairs without support,
throw and catch more accurately, and
improve running speed and and changing direction fast
101
growing fine motor abilities alow
children to learn to do many things their parents had been doing for
them, such as
putting on a coat or shoes, and brushing their teeth
102
Children as toddlers could already pick up a sma l object using two fingers, hold a crayon and scribble on a piece of paper,
but now in early childhood
they learn to do it more quickly and precisely.
learn to draw something that is recognisable to
others, such as a person, animal or building.
draw shapes such as a circle or triangle, and their first letters and
some short words, perhaps including their own name.
103
What are some associations and challenges linked to left-handedness in childhood?
A: Left-handedness is more common in children born prematurely or after difficult births, possibly due to early brain damage. Left-handed children are more likely to have reading and verbal learning difficulties, and around 25% process language in both brain hemispheres.
left
handedness is also with excelence and even genius in certain fields.
Left-handed children are more likely to show exceptional verbal and
maths abilities
104
In Piaget’s theory, early childhood is a crucial turning point in
children’s cognitive development because this is when thinking
becomes
representational
105
According to piaget we
are freed from our momentary sensorimotor experience.
Once we can represent the world through language,
106
Piaget termed the age period from 2 to 7 the ----
stage
preoperational
stage
107
preoperational
stage , emphasising that children of this age were not yet able to
perform mental operations; that is,
cognitive procedures that follow certain logical rules.
108
cognitive stage from age 2 to 7 during which
the child becomes capable of representing
the world symbolically—for example, through
the use of language—but is still very limited in
ability to use mental operations
preoperational stage
109
mental ability to understand that the quantity
of a substance or material remains the same
even if its appearance changes
conservation
110
Piaget’s term for young children’s thinking as
being centred, or focused, on one noticeable
aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion
of other important aspects
age based cognitive deficiency
centration
111
Reversibility - the ability to reverse an action mentaly is one off the --- ------ ------- of early childhod
age based cognitive deficiency
112
Piaget’s term for young children’s thinking as
being centred, or focused, on one noticeable
aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion
of other important aspects
centration
113
Another cognitive limitation of the preoperational stage, in Piaget’s
view, is ---------, the inability to distinguish between your own
perspective and another person’s perspective.
egocentrism
114
cognitive inability to distinguish between one’s
own perspective and another person’s
perspective
egocentrism
115
tendency to attribute human thoughts and
feelings to inanimate objects and forces
animism
116
Children’s play with stuffed animals and do ls is a good example of
----- thinking.
animistic thinking
117
ability to understand that objects can be part
of more than one cognitive group; for
example, an object can be classified with red
objects as we l as with round objects
classification
118
development of cognitive skils in childhood is less stage-like and
more -------than Piaget believed
continuous
119
ability to understand thinking processes in
one’s self and others
theory of mind
120
. By age 3, children know it is possible for
them and others to
imagine something that is not physicaly present
(such as an ice cream cone).
121
At age 2, children begin to use
words that refer to mental processes, such as ‘think’, -------and -------
‘remember’ and
‘pretend’
122
children are shown a dol named Maxi who places chocolate in a
cabinet and then leaves the room (Amsterlaw & Welman ). Next
another dol, his mother, enters the room and moves the chocolate to
a different place. Children are then asked, ‘Where wil Maxi look for
the chocolate when he returns?’ Most 3-year-old children answer
erroneously that Maxi wil look for the chocolate in the new place,
where his mother stored it. In contrast, by age 4, most children
recognise that Maxi wil believe falsely that the chocolate is in the
cabinet where he left it.
this isan example of a :false-belief
tasks. In one experiment testing understanding of false beliefs,
false-belief tasks
123
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of learning
takes a much different approach, viewing cognitive development as a
social and cultural process
Children learn not through the social process of guided participation
(not through their individual interactions with the environment)
124
1. In Piagetian theory, which of the folowing is the term to
describe when a child’s focus is on only one characteristic of a
cognitive problem?
a. Physical stability
b. Reversibility
c. Centration
d. Conservation
Centration
125
2. Five-year-old Marco draws a picture of a sun with a smiley
face and sunglasses. This is an example of
.
a. animism
b. sensorimotor thought
c. centration
d. reversibility
animism
126
3. Which of the folowing is TRUE regarding theory of mind?
a. It refers to the independence and stubbornness
characteristic of toddlers as they develop a sense of
self.
b. It develops the same way in al cultures.
c. It begins to develop around age 5.
d. It is measured with false-belief tasks.
d. It is measured with false-belief tasks.
127
. According to your text, what is one of the factors that make
cultural learning in developed countries different from cultural
learning in traditional cultures?
a. Children in developed countries are often apart from
their families for a substantial part of the day, so they
do not have as much guided participation in daily
activities within the family as children in traditional
cultures do.
b. Parents in developed countries have assimilated into the
culture and are not as interested in teaching their
children ski ls or traditions as parents in traditional
cultures are.
c. Children in developed countries are not interested in
guided participation in daily activities the way children in
traditional cultures are.
d. Parents in developed countries believe that their
children should learn independently.
a. Children in developed countries are often apart from
their families for a substantial part of the day, so they
do not have as much guided participation in daily
activities within the family as children in traditional
cultures do.
128
. Learning to set the table in a developed country, such as New
Zealand, or to help prepare food in a non-traditional culture,
such as Botswana, are examples of cultural learning.
According to Vygotsky, these skils
.
a. develop as part of a social process
b. must be learned in the sensorimotor stage first or they
never fuly develop
c. develop best if they take place in a formal setting
d. are usualy first taught in toddlerhood
a. develop as part of a social process
129
The average 3-year-old has a
vocabulary of about ---- words; by age 6, the average vocabulary
has increased to over -----words
1000
2500
130
young children add new words to their vocabulary
through a process known as.
fast mapping
This means that as young children learn new words they
begin to form a mental map of interconnected sets of word
categories
131
in the course of development, a period when
the capacity for learning in a specific area is
especialy pronounced
sensitive period
132
a language’s distinctive system of rules
grammar
133
social and cultural context of language that
guides people as to what is appropriate to
say and not to say in a given social situation
pragmatics
134
in a given social
situation. For example, children learn to say ‘please’ when asking for
something and ‘thank you’ when they receive something. Or saying bye bye when leaving is an
example of
Pragmatics
135
While learning language, children who learn English and other
Western languages have been shown to fast map
first.
a. verbs
b. nouns
c. adjectives
d. possessives
b. nouns
136
Which of the folowing is TRUE?
a. Children learning English fast map nouns earlier than
verbs.
b. Japanese and Korean children tend to learn nouns
before verbs.
c. In both Eastern and Western languages, modifiers are
added before nouns and verbs.
d. Vocabulary growth slows down in toddlerhood and then
speeds up again by around age 5
a. Children learning English fast map nouns earlier than
verbs.
137
. In Berko’s (1958) classic experiment, she showed young
children a picture of a figure caled a ‘wug’ and then showed
them two of these figures. She then asked them to respond to
the folowing statement: ‘Now there are two ’.
Berko was measuring children’s understanding of what?
a. overextension
b. possessives
c. In Berko’s (1958) classic experiment, she showed young
children a picture of a figure caled a ‘wug’ and then showed
them two of these figures. She then asked them to respond to
the folowing statement: ‘Now there are two ’.
Berko was measuring children’s understanding of what?
a. overextension
b. possessives
c. pragmatics
d. grammar d. grammar
c. pragmatics
138
4. Four-year-old Nicco uses infant-directed speech when talking
to his neighbour’s new baby. This demonstrates
.
a. overregularisation
b. fast mapping
c. pragmatics
d. existence of the language acquisition device
c. pragmatics
139
emotional self-regulation
ability to exercise control over one’s emotions
emotional self-regulation
140
Some of the most effective strategies for self regulation are leaving the
situation, talking to themselves, redirecting their attention to a
different activity and seeking comfort from an attachment figure.
These strategies are part of what researchers call
effortful control,
141
142
when children focus their attention on managing their emotions
effortful control,
143
the process by which children acquire the
behaviours and beliefs of the culture they live
in
socialisation
144
trait of having inadequate emotional self
regulation
undercontrol
145
problems that involve others, such as
aggression
externalising problems
146
trait of having excessive emotional self
regulation
overcontrol
147
problems that entail turning distress inwards,
towards the self, such as depression and
anxiety
internalising problems
148
As Erikson noted in
proposing that early childhood is the stage of ------ vs ----- , children need to learn emotional control but without being so
tightly regulated that they feel excess guilt and their ability to initiate
activities is undermined.
initiative versus
guilt
149
i
in Erikson’s life span theory, the early
childhood stage in which the alternatives are
learning to plan activities in a purposeful way
or being afflicted with excess guilt that
undermines initiative
initiative versus guilt
150
by about age ---, children
already grasp the moral standards of their culture, and their views
change little from childhood to adolescence to adulthood. (in india and USA)
5
151
understanding that maleness and femaleness
are biological and cannot change
gender constancy
152
cultural expectations for appearance and
behaviour specific to males or females
gender roles
153
gender-based cognitive structure for
organising and processing information,
comprising expectations for males’ and
females’ appearance and behaviour
gender schema
154
Fathers or Mothers tend to promote conformity to gender roles more
Fathers
155
gender-based cognitive structure for
organising and processing information,
comprising expectations for males’ and
females’ appearance and behaviour
gender schema
156
process by which people seek to maintain
consistency between their gender schemas
and their behaviour
self-socialisation
157
Throughout life, we tend to notice information that fits within
our gender schemas and
ignore or dismiss information that is
inconsistent with them
158
1. Which of the folowing is TRUE regarding emotional regulation?
a. The development of the temporal lobe promotes self
regulation.
b. Self-regulation develops earlier in boys than in girls.
c. Temper tantrums and crying decrease from age 2 to 6.
d. Different cultures have similar views about what the
optimal level of control is.
c. Temper tantrums and crying decrease from age 2 to 6.
159
2. In early childhood,
.
a. moral judgments tend to be based more on fear of
punishment than is the case for older children
b. children are not yet able to experience empathy
c. children from different cultures learn the same moral
rules
d. children have more difficulty with perspective taking
than they did earlier in development because of their
stronger sense of sel
a. moral judgments tend to be based more on fear of
punishment than is the case for older children
160
3. Gender identity .
a. develops much more quickly in females than males
b. includes an understanding that maleness and
femaleness are biological
c. refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as
male or female
d. develops around age 5
c. refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as
male or female
161
The way we organise and process information in terms of
gender-based categories is referred to as
.
a. gender stereotyping
b. gender constancy
c. gender schemas
d. self-socialisation
c. gender schemas
162
Chris realised that even though the teacher dressed up like
Michael Jackson for Haloween, she is stil a female. Based on
this information, one would expect that Chris .
a. has not yet attained gender identity, but knows the
gender identity of the teacher
b. uses gender schemas, but does not yet understand
gender constancy
c. is a 4-year-old boy
d. is a 7-year-old boy
d. is a 7-year-old boy
163
practices that parents exhibit in relation to
their children and their beliefs about those
practices
parenting styles
164
degree to which parents set down rules and
expectations for behaviour and require their
children to comply with them
demandingness
165
degree to which parents are sensitive to their
children’s needs and express love, warmth
and concern for them
responsiveness
166
in classifications of parenting styles, parents
who are high in demandingness and high in
responsiveness
authoritative parents
167
in classifications of parenting styles, parents
who are high in demandingness but low in
responsiveness
authoritarian parents
168
in classifications of parenting styles, parents
who are low in demandingness and high in
responsiveness
permissive parents
169
in classifications of parenting styles, parents
who are low in both demandingness and
responsiveness
disengaged parents
170
Boys with authoritarian parents are more often ------------ and -----------
whereas girls are more often ------------- and ------------
aggressive and unruly,
anxious and unhappy
171
Children with permissive parents
tend to be ---------- and lack ----------
immature and lack self-control
172
belief that children should respect, obey and
revere their parents throughout life; common
in Asian cultures
filial piety
173
disciplinary strategy in which the child is
required to sit stil in a designated place for a
brief period
time out
174
During infancy, -----takes the form of an
emotionaly indulgent and physicaly close relationship between the
Japanese mother and her baby.
However, in toddlerhood and early
childhood, a new element, shame and withdrawal of love, is added.
Japanese mothers rarely respond to their children’s misbehaviour with
loud reprimands or physical punishment. Instead, they express
disappointment and withdraw their love temporarily. The child feels
shame, which is a powerful inducement not to disobey again
amae
175
parenting strategy that uses shame and
withdrawal of love to influence children’s
behaviour
psychological control
176
abuse or neglect of children, including
physical, emotional or sexual abuse
child maltreatment
177
headaches,
bedwetting and insomnia may be indicators of
Physical Abuse
178
Research on parenting has found that
a. the two main dimensions of parenting are
demandingness and strictness
b. children of permissive parents tend to do better at
school than children of other parenting styles because
they learn to think for themselves
c. there are bidirectional effects between parents and
their children
d. the outcomes for children of authoritative parents are
virtua ly identical to outcomes for children of permissive
parents
c. there are bidirectional effects between parents and
their children
179
2. If parents listen receptively to opinions from their children, their
parenting style is considered to be .
a. authoritative
b. authoritarian
c. child-centred
d. autocratic
a. authoritative
180
3. The dimension of parenting known as responsiveness is also
known as .
a. setting limits
b. psychological control
c. warmth
d. disengagement
c. warmth
181
4. The use of shame as a punishment
.
a. is referred to as psychological control among American
researchers
b. has been related to positive outcomes among Japanese
and Aboriginal cultures
c. is associated with high rates of behavioural problems in
Japanese children
d. is universa ly accepted as the best method of discipline
because it does not include physical punishment
a. is referred to as psychological control among American
researchers
182
5. Which of the folowing is the most accurate statement based
on existing research?
a. Western parents tend to use a lot of praise for
compliant behaviour.
b. Not al cultures have some system of discipline for
misbehaviour; some feel that children are inherently
good and do not need discipline.
c. Permissive parenting would be most likely in cultures
that have a tradition of filial piety.
d. Japanese mothers usualy respond to their children’s
misbehaviour with loud reprimands and physical
punishment
a. Western parents tend to use a lot of praise for
compliant behaviour.
183
Studies indicate that young children
with older siblings possess more advanced ------ -- ----
understanding than children who have no older sibling
theory of mind
184
people who share some aspect of their
status in common, such as age
peers
185
in toddlerhood and
early childhood there are several distinct types of play, including
solitary play,
para lel play,
simple social play and
cooperative pretend
play.
186
some cultures where
play is rare even in early childhood, such as the
Maya of Guatemala
