Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

2040 Social and Organisational > Wk10: Prejudice and Prejudice Reduction > Flashcards

Wk10: Prejudice and Prejudice Reduction Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Define prejudice

A

Negative attitudes held towards a social group and its perceived members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define marginalised groups

A

Social groups disproportionately experiencing prejudice by the majority/ advantaged groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define discrimination

A

Negative treatment directed towards a social group and its perceived members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define interpersonal discrimination

A

Negative behaviour enacted by an individual to express their unlerlying prejudicial beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Subtle discrimination tactics

A
  • Discrimination denial
  • Avoidance, ostracism
  • Lack of pro-social behaviour
  • Non-verbal behaviours
    i.e. Deny, avoid, ignore, shut up
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Structural discrimination

A
  • Discrimination built/ written into societal structures and systems
  • Created and maintained by prejudice and power
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Workplace discrimination emerges in:

A
  • Hiring
  • Performance evaluations
  • Promotions
  • Leadership opportunities
  • Termination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define intersectionality

A

The unique experiences of individuals whose identities intersect, predominately with other minority identities
E.g. a black woman experiences discrimination as a black person, as a woman, and as a black woman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glass ceiling

A

Systematic barrier preventing women (& other minorities) from attaining top leadership positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Glass cliff

A

Tendency for women to only be placed in positions of power that are unstable, precarious, or during turmoil in order to “take the blame” for mismanagement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Factors influencing prejudice

A
  • Social Norms
  • Social identity theory
  • Stereotypes
  • Integrated threat theory
  • Ideologies
  • Zero-sum thinking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Social identity theory

Factor influencing prejudice

A
  • Motivated to self-categorise into social groups
  • Motivated to see ingroups as superior
  • Promotes intergroup hostility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Minimal groups paradigm

Effect of social identity theory

A
  • Individuals self-categorise based on arbitrary criteria quickly and easily
  • It takes minimal differences to create and assign groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Categorisation produces

Effect of social identity theory

A
  • Ingroup favouritism
  • Outgroup derogation
  • Intergroup differentiation
  • Relative homogeneity effect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ingroup favouritism

Categorisation effect of social identity theory

A
  • Categorisation effect
  • Preference for individuals from one’s ingroup over outgroup
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Outgroup derogation

Categorisation effect of social identity theory

A
  • Categorisation effect
  • Negative attitudes and behaviours towards individuals from an outgroup
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Intergroup differentiation

Categorisation effect of social identity theory

A
  • Categorisation effect
  • Tendency to perceive greater differences between groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Relative homogeneity effect

Categorisation effect of social identity theory

A
  • Categorisation effect
  • Tendency to view ingroup members as more distinct and individual
  • Tendency to view outgroup members as all the same
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define stereotypes

Factor influencing prejudice

A

Beliefs held about social groups and their members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Stereotype/ Schema change

Methods of stereotypes being altered

A
  • Bookkeeping
  • Conversion
  • Subtyping
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bookkeeping

Type of stereotype/ schema change

A
  • Type of stereotype change
  • Gradual change over time
  • Increased stereotype-inconsistent evidence, perception change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Conversion

Type of stereotype/ schema change

A
  • Type of stereotype change
  • Sudden stereotype change
  • Major stereotype-inconsistent event occurs, perception changes radically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Subtyping

Type of stereotype/ schema change

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Type of stereotype “change”
  • Subcategories created to accommodate stereotype-inconsistent evidence
  • Major stereotype doesn’t change
  • E.g. “women = emotional” becomes “women ≠ emotional UNLESS they’re on their period”
24
Q

Effects of positive stereotypes

Study These Flashcards
A
  • STILL BAD
  • Increased expectations/ less assistance
  • Constrained opportunities
  • Psychological distress, often paired with negative stereotypes
25
Integrated threat theory ## Footnote Factor influencing prejudice
* Stereotypes posit potential threats * Fear (from threat) creates anxiety and prejudice
26
Realistic threat ## Footnote Category of integrated threat theory
* Perceived danger of outgroup to ingroup's power, resources, vitality * Perceived as threat to *tangible* factors; does not need to be real
27
Symbolic threat ## Footnote Category of integrated threat theory
* Perceived difference of morals, worldview, values between the in- and outgroup * Intangible "threat"
28
Define ideology ## Footnote Factor influencing prejudice
The system of ideas and ideals group or individual has which they base their (moral, political, economic) opinions on.
29
Name some ideologies
* Social dominance heirarchy * Authoritarianism * Egalitarianism
30
Social dominance heirarchy ## Footnote An ideology
* Principles of domination, inequality, group heirarchy * "They" compete with "us" for the world's scarce resources
31
Authoritarianism ## Footnote An ideology
* Conventionalism: Adherence to social norms * Authoritarian submission: submit to and support authority * Authoritarian aggression: support violent reinforcement towards perceived threats to authority * "They" threaten the norms and values of "us"
32
Zero-sum thinking ## Footnote Factor influencing prejudice
* Subjective belief that group gains come at the expense of another groups loss * Independent of actual resource distribution * E.g. "Giving gay people right to marry comes at the expense of my religion," not a resource * E.g. "Immigrants are taking our jobs," labour market not a zero-sum game
33
Zero-sum thinking effects
* Greater prejudice towards marginalised groups * Lower support for policy benefitting marginalised groups * Greater support for violence towards marginalised groups
34
Zero-sum asymmetry
* Stronger belief outgroup success costs ingroup * Weaker belief ingroup success costs outgroup
35
Social norms ## Footnote Factor influencing prejudice
* More closely adhere to social norms in the face of current and predicted prejudice * The more social norms are prejudiced, the more prejudice is evident * The clearer the norm, the greater this effect
36
Consequences of prejudice
* Higher dep, anx, stress, physical stress response * Lower self-esteem, life satisfaction * Internalised prejudice * increased physical danger, self-harm, suicidiality, mortality
37
Black prejudice [BLM]
* Shooting bias towards black people; increased victims * Racial profiling; increased suspicion and accusation of crime if black * Criminal justice; higher, more punitive sentencing for black defendants
38
Prejudice reduction strategies
Confrontation Categorisation: de-, re- Intergroup contact theory: direct, indirect Perspective taking
39
Confrontation ## Footnote Method of reducing prejudice
* Direct confrontation and accusation of prejudiced behaviours * Less effective for prejudiced person and bystanders; promotes negative affect
40
Prejudice blindspot ## Footnote Caveat of confrontation as a method of reducing prejudice
Rate ourselves less prejudiced than we actually are (even by our own standards)
41
Effective confrontation ## Footnote Confrontation as a method of reducing prejudice
* Calm elaboration of the prejudice (not the person) being inappropriate * From ingroup members
42
Categorisation ## Footnote Prejudice reduction method
* altering perception of ingroup and outgroup categories to reduced perceived differences * Decategorisation * Recategorisation (common ingroup identity)
43
Decategorisation ## Footnote Type of categorisation method
* Removal of group concept; perceiving everyone as individuals and not as member of any group * Works better when categorisation is prevented - can't really be undone
44
Recategorisation: common ingroup identity ## Footnote Type of categorisation method
* Perceive ingroup and outgroup as subcategory of a larger group * Increases ingroup effects towards outgroup * "us" vs. "them" becomes "we"
45
Problems of categorisation ## Footnote Categorisation as a method of reducing prejudice
* Subtyping may prevent all outgroup members from being perceived as part of the included outgroup * Category blindness = inequality blindness; prevents equity from being provided, prejudical beliefs attributed to individual failures
46
Intergroup contact theory premise ## Footnote Prejudice reduction method
* Reducing unfamiliarity and separation reduces prejudicial beliefs * Superficial contact works * Closer relationships more effective
47
Intergroup contact theory effects
* Reduced anxiety * Increased intergroup empathy * Increased intergroup trust
48
Direct contact ## Footnote Type of intergroup contact
* Less economically viable * Caveat of first impression being negative increasing prejudicial beliefs
49
Indirect contact ## Footnote Type of intergroup contact
Extended contact Vicarious contact Imagined contact Parasocial contact
50
Extended contact ## Footnote Type of indirect intergroup contact
* Indirect intergroup contact * Knowing another ingroup member is friends with outgroup member * Reflects extended family - not directly related
51
Vicarious contact ## Footnote Type of indirect intergroup contact
* Indirect intergroup contact * Observing ingroup member in contact with outgroup member * Experiencing contact vicariously
52
Imagined contact ## Footnote Type of indirect intergroup contact
* Indirect intergroup contact * Imagining positive contact with outgroup member * More detailed exercise, stronger effect
53
Parasocial contact ## Footnote Type of indirect intergroup contact
* Indirect intergroup contact * Exposure to outgroup through non-interactive measures; TV, media, etc. * Parasocial relationship with outgroup member
54
Perspective taking ## Footnote Prejudice reduction method
* Taking perspective of outgroup member * Elicits empathy and identification with outgroup * Elicits perceived injustice
55
Perspective taking approaches ## Footnote Prejudice reduction method
* Direct perspective; marginalised group explicitly stated * Immersion hypothetical; group not stated, experiences explicitly stated * Embodying through VR, illusions, avatars

2040 Social and Organisational (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions