Wk3: The Self Flashcards
(43 cards)
1
Q
When does our sense of self develop?
A
Infancy: ~18-24 months
Determined by Mirror-Self-Reflection test
2
Q
Define Schema
A
Schema are cognitive structures that represent our knowledge of different concepts
3
Q
Define Self-Schema
A
Our cognitive structures that represent our sense of self, including attributes and identities
4
Q
Purpose of the Self-Schema
A
- Organise info, beliefs, and impressions
- Guide attention and memory (improves when item is in reference to the self)
- Shape behaviours
5
Q
Name the 4 theories that conceptualise Self-Knowledge
A
- Self-Perception Theory
- Looking-Glass Self
- Social Comparison Theory
- Social Identity Theory
6
Q
What is Self-Perception Theory?
A
- Conceptualises self-knowledge
- Self-Knowledge determined by behaviour
- “I am what I do”
- Excludes actions determined by external factors
7
Q
What is the Looking-Glass Self?
A
- Conceptualises self-knowledge
- Self-Knowledge determined by others’ reaction to us
- “I am how I imagine others see me”
8
Q
What is Social Comparison Theory (in reference to the self)?
A
- Conceptualises self-knowledge
- Self-Knowledge determined by how we compare ourselves to others
- “I am my differences in reference to others”
9
Q
Define Upward Comparisons
A
- Upward - to look up
- See others as better than us in the thing we are comparing
- Negative self-percepts, negative affect, discouraging
- May (sometimes) be motivating
10
Q
Define Downward Comparisons
A
- Downward - to look down
- See others as worse than us in the item we are comparing
- Positive self-percepts, positive affect, ego boost, encouraging
11
Q
What is Social Identity Theory?
A
- Conceptualises self-knowledge
- Self-Knowledge determined by the social groups and categories we fit into
- includes Self-categorisation
- includes Group-based Social Comparison
12
Q
What is self-categorisation?
A
- tendency to see self as a product of different group identities relative to group membership (salience)
- Structural fit = group accounts for similarities and differences in various contexts
- Normative fit = explain why we behave that way in those contexts
13
Q
What is Group-Based Social Comparison
A
- Tendency to see self in reference to similarities and (mainly) differences between groups one is a part of and others
14
Q
Define Self-Motives and 3 types
A
- What motivates us to pursue self-knowledge
- Self-Assessment
- Self-Enhancement
- Self-Verification
15
Q
What is Self Assessment
A
- Reliable Info
- Desire to have true, accurate, and valid information about oneself
16
Q
What is Self-Enhancement?
A
- Positive Info
- Desire to have positive information about oneself
- Tendency to dismiss negative information about oneself
17
Q
What is Self-Verification?
A
- Existing Info
- Desire to have information that confirms existing beliefs about oneself
- Tendency to dismiss contradicting information
- Confirmation bias?
18
Q
Define Self-Discrepancy Theory
A
- Self concept includes actual and potential selves
- Actual, Ought, and Ideal Selves
19
Q
What is the actual-self?
A
How we think we currently are
20
Q
What is the ought-self?
A
How we think we ought to be
* Others’ expectations
* Self-imposed expectations
21
Q
What is the ideal-self?
A
How we would like to be
* Hopes and wishes
22
Q
What emotions result from an actual-ideal discrepancy?
A
- Dejection related emotions
- disappointment, dissatisfaction, sadness
23
Q
What emotions result from an actual-ought discrepancy?
A
- Agitation related emotions
- anxiety, threat, fear
24
Q
Purpose of discrepancies between actual, ought, and ideal selves
A
- Self-regulation = try to resolve discrepancy by changing the actual to better reflect the ought or ideal
- Motivation = increases risky behaviour
- Perception = may reflect achieveable ought/ ideal, or distorted actual or unrealistic ought/ ideal self
25
Define Self-Esteem
* How we feel about and evaluate the self
* global vs (domain) specific
* High SE = adaptive; predicts happiness and wellbeing
* Low SE = maladaptive; prone to anxiety, depression, social issues
26
What is the Sociometer Theory
Theory self-esteem is a gauge for how much people believe they are valued and accepted by others
That self-esteem is a meter for how socially accepted and valued a person thinks they are.
27
Define Self-Determination Theory
Theory that an individual thrives when competence, autonomy, and relatedness are supported
* Competence = sense of mastery/ effectiveness
* Autonomy = sense of control over behaviours/ goals
* Relatedness = sense of belonging and connectedness
28
Define Self-Presentation
How we present ourselves
* Private self-presentation = how you actually are, how you see yourself
* Public self-presentation = how you *think* you are and come across to others
29
What is the Spotlight effect?
The tendency to believe we are being noticed more than we actually are.
30
What is Impression Management?
To manage our public self-presentation to maintain a good impression
* Ingratiation, self-promotion, intimidation, supplication, exemplification
31
What is Ingratiation?
* An impression management strategy
* To get others to like you
32
What is Self-Promotion?
* An impression management strategy
* To get others to respect you and perceive you as competent
33
What is Intimidation?
* An impression management strategy
* To get others to fear you and perceive you as dangerous
34
What is Supplication?
* An impression management strategy
* To get others to pity you and view you as helpless
35
What is Exemplification?
* An impression management strategy
* To get others to respect you as a moral and ethical person
36
Define Self-Monitoring
The tendency and trait of modifying self-presentation in different contexts
* Low SM: public = private self, consistent across situations
* High SM: public ≠ private self, social chameleons
37
Define Self-serving strategies
Biases made to bolster ourselves when successful and protect ourselves when not
* self-enhancement, -protecting, -handicapping
Bias that serves to improve our self perception
38
What is the Self-Enhancing Bias?
Tendency to attribute success to internal/ dispositional factors
39
What is the Self-Protecting Bias?
Tendency to attribute failures to external/ situational factors
40
What is the Self-Handicapping Bias?
Tendency to facilitate/ create external impediments when anticipating failure
41
Independent vs. Interdependent Self-Constructs
Independent = tendency to see oneself as independent from others, with others "orbiting" around
Interdependent = tendency to incorporate others within ones' self-concept, overlapping like a venn diagram
42
Independent Self-Constructs
* self separate from social context
* stable, consistent
* prioritise uniqueness, expression, and personal goals
* SE depends on internal attributes
43
Interdependent Self-Constructs
* social context part of self
* flexible, variable
* prioritise belonging, self-restraint, group goals
* SE depends on maintaining harmony with others
