Wk5: Attitudes Flashcards
(22 cards)
Define attitude
A psychological tendency expressed by evaluating an an entity with favour or disfavour.
Define attitude object (AO)
The entity (concrete or abstract) that the attitude is attributed to.
What is the uni-dimensional approach?
That attitudes vary on a single dimension
Positive (+) or negative (-)
weak (0, 1) or strong (2, 3)
{-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
Define attitude ambivalence
Having a mixed (positive and negative) attitude towards an AO.
What is the bi-dimensional approach?
Attitudes vary on two dimensions
Varying strengths of positive (1, 2, 3) and negative (1, 2, 3) values
What are some attitude strength indicators?
Certainty, importance, accessibility; how sure, relevant, and easily the attitude comes to mind is.
Are you certain? Is it important? Is it the first thing you think of?
Attitude awareness
Explicit: attitudes we are aware of
Implicit: attitudes we are not aware we express
What is the tripartite model of attitudes
Attitudes compartmentalised into:
Cognitions: thoughts, beliefs
Affect: feelings, emotions
Behavioural tendencies
Name and define the attitude functions
- Knowledge: understand and organise world
- Utilitarian: maximise rewards, minimise punishments
- Ego-Defense: protect self-esteem
- Value-Expressive: express values important to our self-concept
The purpose/ function of having attitudes
How do attitudes form?
- Mere exposure
- Evaluative (classical) conditioning
- Instrumental (operant) conditioning
- Observational learning
- Genetics
- Dispositional attitudes
i.e. conditioning and exposure, nature and also nurture
What is the mere exposure effect?
When first exposed to an AO, the positive or negative attitude is exacerbated with more frequent exposure, regardless of positive or negative attribute and without interaction.
Neutral exposure tend towards positive attitudes.
How does conditioning form attitudes (classical and operant)?
Classical: NS association with positive AO becomes a positive AO
Operant: NS that produce rewards associcated with positive attitudes
How does observational learning form attitudes (social learning theory)?
Adopt the attitudes others in our social circle have towards AO
What are dispositional attitudes?
Individuals are predisposed to having generally positive or negative attitudes towards ALL AOs
i.e. some people are generally very negative about things until something changes their mind - think Bayes
Correlations of higher (positive) dispositional attitudes
+ Openness
+ Extraversion
+ Self Esteem
+ Optimism
+ Life satisfaction
+ Positive Affect
- Negative Affect
- Neuroticism
N(-) EO(+); SE(+); Optimism(+); Affect(+,-)
Factors of the Theory of Planned Behaviour
For Intention:
* Attitude
* Subjective Norm
* Perceived Behavioural Control
For Behaviour:
* Intention
* Perceived Behavioural Control
i.e. behavioural (attitude), normative (subjective), and control (pbc) beliefs
For alcohol consumption, what would the attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control be that the behaviour is increased?
Attitude: desire to drink
Subjective norm: social outing, later in the day, planned consumption
Perceived behavioural control: perceived to not control inhibitions after drinking, encourages more drinking
For alcohol consumption, what would the attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control be that the behaviour is decreased?
Attitude: desire to stay sober
Subjective norm: sober social events, during the day, pre-planned events
Perceived behavioural control: greater control over sobriety; alcohol is less accessible than no alcohol
Define motivation
A process that influences the chosen types, effort put into, and duration/ persistence, of activities/ behaviours
What is self-determination theory
- Intrinsic motivation: desire to do tasks for the sake of the task
- Extrinsic motivation: desire to do task for the sake of the consequences of doing/ completing that task
Why we (self) are determined (motivated) to do things
Levels of self-determination theory
Non-Regulatory (no moti)
Extrinsic Regulatory
* External: external cond, compliance, reactance
* Introjected: internal cond, ego and self-control
* Identified: personal importance, conscious valuing
* Integrated: congruence, synthesis with self
Intrinsic Regulation: intrinsic
Psychological variables that support intrinsic motivation
Competence: sense of mastery, ability
Autonomy: sense of control, choice over goals
Relatedness: sense of belonging, social connectedness
