02a: Back, Vertebral Column

Question 1

Superficial back muscle primarily concerned with which actions?

Answer 1

Positioning and moving limbs

Question 2

Intermediate back muscle primarily concerned with which actions?

Answer 2

Respiration

Question 3

Deep back muscle primarily concerned with which actions?

Answer 3

Move/maintain axial skeleton position (posture)

Question 4

Which back muscles are not “true” back muscles?

Answer 4

Superficial and intermediate layers (don’t actually act on the back)

Question 5

Adults have (X) number of vertebrae. What’s the breakdown?

Answer 5

X = 26

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacral (5 fused)
1 coccygeal (4 fused)

Question 6

A typical vertebra has (X) number of processes. List them.

Answer 6

X = 7

1 spinous
2 transverse
4 Articular

Question 7

Pedicles of vertebra attach:

Answer 7

Body to transverse processes

Question 8

Lamina of vertebra attach:

Answer 8

Spinous process to transverse processes

Question 9

SC runs through the (X).

Answer 9

X = vertebral canal

Question 10

Articulate processes of two successive vertebrae form which joint? Which type of cartilage present?

Answer 10

Synovial; hyaline

Question 11

C1, aka (X), lacks which structure?

Answer 11

X = atlas

Body and spinous process

Question 12

The lateral masses on (X) vertebra interact with (Y) on skull.

Answer 12

X = C1
Y = occipital condyles

Question 13

Which cervical vertebra is the strongest?

Answer 13

C2

Question 14

C2, aka (X), has which special structure?

Answer 14

X = axis

Dens (odontoid process)

Question 15

Which motion found at atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 15

Gliding (flex/extend)

Question 16

Which motion found at atlanto-axial joint?

Answer 16

Rotation

Question 17

(X) vertebrae have special foramen in (Y). What passes through here?

Answer 17

X = cervical
Y = transverse processes

Vertebral arteries

Question 18

(X) vertebrae have special facets called (Y). What are they for?

Answer 18

X = thoracic
Y = costal

Articulation with ribs

Question 19

Primary spine curvature develops at which point in life?

Answer 19

In utero

Question 20

Primary spine curvature is found in (X) parts of spine and is (concave/convex) anteriorly.

Answer 20

X = thoracic and sacral

Concave

Question 21

Secondary spine curvature develops at which point in life?

Answer 21

First 1-2 yr of life

Question 22

Secondary spine curvature is found in (X) parts of spine and is (concave/convex) anteriorly.

Answer 22

X = cervical and lumbar

Convex

Question 23

Kyphosis is:

Answer 23

Hunchback (abnormal increase in posterior curvature of spine)

Question 24

(X) abnormal curvature typically found in pregnant women.

Answer 24

X = hyperlordosis

Question 25

Scoliosis is:

Answer 25

Abnormal lateral curvature of spine

Question 26

List possible actions of spine.

Answer 26

1. Flexion/extension 2. Lateral flexion 3. Rotation

Question 27

Joints between articulate processes of vertebrae are formally called:

Answer 27

Zygapophyseal joints

Question 28

Intervertebral joints are between (X) of vertebrae. What kind of joint?

Answer 28

X = bodies Fibrocartilaginous (symphysis)

Question 29

IV discs are made up of:

Answer 29

Fibrocartilage and water

Question 30

IV discs serve which primary function?

Answer 30

Absorb shock

Question 31

What are the parts of the IV disc?

Answer 31

1. Anulus fibrosis | 2. Nucleus pulposus

Question 32

Which type of motion found at zygapophyseal joints?

Answer 32

Plane/gliding

Question 33

List the ligaments that support vertebral column.

Answer 33

1. Anterior/posterior longitudinal ligaments 2. Ligamentum flavum 3. Interspinous ligament 4. Supraspinous ligament

Question 34

Anterior longitudinal ligament runs from (X) to (Y).

Answer 34

``` X = skull (occipital bone) Y = sacrum ```

Question 35

Posterior longitudinal ligament runs from (X) to (Y).

Answer 35

``` X = C2 Y = sacrum ```

Question 36

Tectorial membrane is continuous with:

Answer 36

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Question 37

Which ligament attaches to tips of vertebral spines?

Answer 37

Supraspinous ligament

Question 38

Ligamentum flavum connects:

Answer 38

Lamina of adjacent vertebrae

Question 39

Interspinous ligament connects:

Answer 39

Spines of adjacent vertebrae

Question 40

Ligamentum nuchae is:

Answer 40

Continuation of Supraspinous ligament (in cervical region)

Question 41

There are (X) number of SC segments. List them.

Answer 41

X = 31 ``` 8 C 12 T 5 L 5 S 1 Cocc ```

Question 42

There are (X) enlargements of SC. Why?

Answer 42

X = cervical and lumbar More nerves going to extremities

Question 43

SC ends at (X), around which number vertebrae?

Answer 43

X = conus medullaris L1/2

Question 44

Spinal nerves exit via:

Answer 44

Intervertebral foramen

Question 45

In cervical region, spinal nerves exit (above/below) respective vertebrae.

Answer 45

Above

Question 46

Most common SC sites of disc herniations.

Answer 46

L4/5 or L5/S1

Question 47

Second most common sites of disc herniations.

Answer 47

C5/6

Question 48

Herniated disc may be due to:

Answer 48

1. Disc degeneration 2. Excessive weight 3. Bad posture 4. Improper lifting

Question 49

Herniations of disc commonly occur in which direction? Why?

Answer 49

Posterolaterally; 1. anulus fibrosus is relatively thin 2. No support from post/ant long ligaments

Question 50

Disc herniations differ between which two SC regions? This is due to (X).

Answer 50

Cervical and lumber; X = difference in size and structure of intervertebral foramen

Question 51

In cervical region, disc herniation affects nerve (above/at/below) that level.

Answer 51

At

Question 52

In lumbar region, disc herniation affects nerve (above/at/below) that level.

Answer 52

Below

Question 53

Spina bifida occurs when:

Answer 53

Vertebral laminae fail to fuse

Question 54

Spins bifida occulta

Answer 54

One or more L or S spinous processes fail to fuse (asymptomatic)

Question 55

Spina bifida (X) may result in hydrocephalus.

Answer 55

X = cystica

Question 56

In spina bifida cystica (meningocele), what protrudes through spinal column defect?

Answer 56

Meninges (contains CSF)

Question 57

In spina bifida cystica (meningomyelocele), what protrudes through spinal column defect?

Answer 57

Meninges and SC

Question 58

List deep muscles of back.

Answer 58

1. Erector spinae 2. Splenius capitis and cervicis 3. Semispinalis capitus

Question 59

Spinotransversales muscle group includes:

Answer 59

Splenius capitis and cervicis

Question 60

Splenius capitis originates on (X) and inserts on (Y).

Answer 60

``` X = spinous processes Y = skull ```

Question 61

Splenius cervicis originates on (X) and inserts on (Y).

Answer 61

``` X = spinous processes Y = transverse processes (C1-C4) ```

Question 62

Semispinalis capitis originates on (X) and inserts on (Y).

Answer 62

``` X = transverse processes Y = skull ```

Question 63

Serratus posterior (sup and inf) originate on (X) and inserts on (Y).

Answer 63

``` X = spinous processes Y = ribs ```

Question 64

Splenius capitis innervation

Answer 64

Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Question 65

Splenius cervicis innervation

Answer 65

Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Question 66

Semispinalis capitis innervation

Answer 66

Dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves

Question 67

Erector spinae innervation

Answer 67

Dorsal rami of (respective) spinal nerves

Question 68

Splenius capitis action

Answer 68

Unilateral: ipsilateral flexion and rotation of neck Bilateral: extend head/neck

Question 69

Splenius cervicis action

Answer 69

Unilateral: ipsilateral flexion and rotation of neck Bilateral: extend head/neck

Question 70

Semispinalis capitis action

Answer 70

Extension of neck and contralateral rotation of head

Question 71

Erector spinae action

Answer 71

Unilateral: ipsilateral lateral flexion of vertebral column Bilateral: extension of vertebral column

Question 72

List the intermediate back muscles

Answer 72

Serratus post (sup and inf)

Question 73

List the superficial back muscles

Answer 73

1. Traps 2. Lats 3. Rhomboids (major and minor) 4. Locator scapulae

Question 74

When giving an endurance anesthetic, list ligaments that needle passes through.

Answer 74

1. Supraspinous 2. Interspinous 3. Ligamentum flavum