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Body Structures B&L > 04a: Embryogenesis > Flashcards

04a: Embryogenesis Flashcards

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1
Q

The ovary has (endocrine/exocrine) production of:

A

Both!
Endocrine: hormones
Exocrine: ova

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2
Q

The first (X) days of menstrual cycle are called (Y). What occurs?

A 
X = 4
Y = menstrual phase

Functional layer is sloughed off

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3
Q

The second phase of menstrual cycle is called (X) and (Y) occurs. Around which days of cycle is this phase?

A 
X = proliferative phase
Y = Functional layer proliferates

Days 5-14

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4
Q

The third phase of the menstrual cycle is called (X) and (Y) occurs. Around which days of cycle is this phase?

A 
X = secretory phase
Y = thick functional layer exists

Days 15-28

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5
Q

Ovulation occurs at approximately day (X) of menstrual cycle.

A

X = 14

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6
Q

The fertilization, or (X), age dates pregnancy from:

A

X = conception

The time of fertilization

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7
Q

The menstrual, or (X), age dates pregnancy from:

A

X = clinical/gestational

Woman’s last normal menstrual period

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8
Q

The (X) age of embryo is (Y) weeks greater than the (Z) age. Why?

A 
X = menstrual
Y = 2
Z = fertilization

2 weeks elapse between start of her last menstrual cycle and fertilization

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9
Q

The (X) stage of baby development lasts for the first (Y) (days/weeks/months) after fertilization.

A 
X = Embryonic
Y = 8 weeks
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10
Q

List some key characteristics of the embryonic stage.

A
  1. Zygote formation
  2. Division/migration/implantation
  3. Organ formation
  4. Teratogen sensitivity
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11
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Environmental factors that disrupt development of embryo

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12
Q

From about (X) (weeks/months) old until birth, the embryo is in the (Y) stage.

A 
X = 9 weeks
Y = fetal
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13
Q

List some key characteristics of the fetal stage.

A
  1. Rapid fetal growth
  2. Organ systems function
  3. Sex organ formation
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14
Q

Day (X) of menstrual cycle equals Day 1 of fertilization.

A

X = 14 (ovulation)

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15
Q

Which structures are ovulated, aka released from (X) and into (Y).

A 
X = ovarian follicle (ovary)
Y = peritoneal cavity

Oocyte, zona pellucida, corona radiata

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16
Q

What’s the zona pellucida?

A

Glycoprotein structure surrounding oocyte

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17
Q

What’s the corona radiata?

A

Specialized cells of ovarian follicle that surround zona pellucida

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18
Q

Until about (X) day after fertilization, a solid mass of cells called (Y) exists.

A 
X = 4-5
Y = morula
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19
Q

The zona reaction occurs when (X). What is this reaction?

A

X = one sperm penetrates zona pellucida

Change in properties of zona pellucida, making it impermeable to other sperm

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20
Q

Morula absorbs fluid and forms large central cavity. The developing embryo is then called:

A

Blastocyst

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21
Q

Which key event must take place a few days after fertilization in order for implantation/growth of blastocyst to occur?

A

Degeneration of zona pellucida

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22
Q

T/F: The developing embryo must be a blastocyst to enter the uterus.

A

False - enters as morula

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23
Q

List the layers of the uterine walls, from most external to most internal.

A
  1. Perimetrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Endometrium
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24
Q

Outer cell mass of blastocyst is (X) cell layers thick and is depicted in (Y) color. What’s it formally called?

A 
X = 1
Y = pale green

Trophoblast

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25
Inner cell mass of blastocyst is depicted in (Y) color. What's it formally called?
Y = blue Embryoblast
26
(X) of blastocyst gives rise to extra-embryonic tissues that form (Y).
``` X = trophoblast Y = placenta ```
27
(X) of blastocyst gives rise to intra-embryonic cells.
X = embryoblast
28
Site of contact for implantation between (X) and endometrium is formally called (Y).
``` X = blastocyst Y = embryonic pole ```
29
T/F: Embryonic pole is always at site about 180 degrees from embryoblast.
False - pole always closest to inner cell mass (embryoblast)
30
What's the usual site of implantation?
Posterior, superior wall of uterus
31
An "out of place" pregnancy is formally called:
an ectopic pregnancy
32
Implantation induces the (X) to proliferate into (Y) layers, called:
``` X = trophoblast Y = 2 ``` 1. Cytotrophoblast 2. Syncytiotrophoblast
33
The (cytotrophoblast/syncytiotrophoblast) is actively mitotic and giving rise to (X).
Cytotrophoblast; X = Syncytiotrophoblast
34
Function of Syncytiotrophoblast.
Breaks down tissues, vessels, etc. of endometrium to allow migration and implantation of embryo
35
The pregnant endometrium is formally called:
the decidua
36
The presence of (X) hormone (allows/prevents) (Y) hormones to be released from ovary, to maintain pregnancy.
X = hCG Allows; Y = Progesterone and estrogen
37
hCG is produced by:
Syncytiotrophoblast
38
Upon implantation, the cells of embryoblast reorganize into:
1. Epiblast layer | 2. Hypoblast layer
39
The epiblast and hypoblast are what type of cell layers?
Epithelial
40
Epiblast layer is the (ventral/dorsal) aspect of (X) disc and develops to surround:
Dorsal; X = bilaminar amniotic cavity
41
Hypoblast layer is the (ventral/dorsal) aspect of (X) disc and develops to surround:
Ventral; X = bilaminar Yolk sac
42
T/F: Hypoblast layer doesn't contribute to cells of developing embryo.
True
43
What's the primitive endoderm?
Another name for hypoblast layer
44
Umbilical vesicle is another name for:
Yolk sac
45
T/F: The yolk sac contains yolk.
False
46
The embryo is nourished via (X) networks.
X = lacunar
47
Amniotic membrane surrounds embryo, preventing (X) and allowing (Y).
``` X = mechanical injury Y = normal fetal movements ```
48
Sources of amniotic fluid:
1. Amnion cells 2. Maternal tissue 3. Fetal urine
49
Oligohydramnios refers to:
Low volumes of amniotic fluid
50
Polyhydramnios refers to:
High volumes of amniotic fluid
51
The (X) week of development is the week of the 3-layered disc.
X = third
52
Production of the three primary germ layers is called:
Gastrulation
53
List the layers produced by gastrulation.
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
54
The primitive streak develops on (cranial/caudal) end and represents:
Caudal; | Site of cell migration
55
The primitive node develops on (cranial/caudal) end of primitive streak and presents as:
Cranial; | A bit of elevated area
56
Gastrulation begins when (X) cells migrate toward and through (Y).
``` X = epiblast Y = primitive streak ```
57
The (X) gives rise to all three germ layers in gastrulation.
X = epiblast layer
58
First germ layer to form during gastrulation is (X). This forms by:
X = endoderm; | Epiblast cells migrate and replace entire hypoblast layer
59
Second germ layer to form during gastrulation is (X). This forms by:
X = mesoderm; | Epiblast cells migrate between two existing layers (epiblast layer and endoderm layer)
60
Third germ layer to form during gastrulation is (X). This forms by:
X = ectoderm; | Epiblast cells that remain after endoderm and mesoderm layers have been formed
61
The primitive streak lasts until END of (X) (week/month) of development.
X = 4th week
62
Most common newborn tumor is called (X) and results due to:
X = sacrococcygeal teratoma Remnants of primitive streak remain and continue proliferating (form tumor)
63
During the (X) week of development, the notochord forms. These are cells from (Y) layer that form along (Z) axis.
``` X = third Y = axial mesoderm Z = cranial-caudal ```
64
Development of (X) is related to the location of the notochord. Elaborate.
X = vertebral column and base of skull Develop around notochord
65
Notochord is important for its (X) function. Which two key events are stimulated as a result?
X = signaling (induction) 1. Conversion of overlying surface ectoderm into neural tissue 2. Transformation of mesodermal cells of somites into vertebral bodies
66
Adult remnants of notochord.
Nucleus pulposus of IV disc
67
Which cells/layers fall under the "ectoderm"?
1. Epithelium (surface ectoderm) 2. Neural crest cells (eventually become mesenchyme) 3. Neural ectoderm
68
As the (X) and (Y) grow, the primitive streak shortens.
``` X = neural plate Y = embryonic disc ```
69
Neural plate develops into:
Primordial CNS
70
The (squamous/cuboidal/columnar) epithelial cells of the neural plate are called:
Columnar; Neuroepithelium/neuroectoderm
71
Bending of (X) results in neural folds and groove. This bending proceeds from (cranial/caudal) to (cranial/caudal).
X = neural plate | Cranial to caudal
72
What's the fate of the neural plate bending?
Neural folds fuse, so neural tube forms within mesoderm (mesenchyme)
73
Meroanencephaly is a result of:
Failure of rostral neuropore to close during fourth week
74
Rates of neural tube defects have been significantly reduced following administration of which vitamin/mineral?
Folic Acid
75
As neural tube fuses, what's the fate of neural crest cells?
Migrate into mesenchyme on either side of tube
76
T/F: Neural crest cells migrate to various locations and differentiate into both neural and non-neural cells.
True
77
T/F: Neural crest cells give rise to the cells of the CNS and PNS as well as other critically important structures.
False - CNS comes from neural plate
78
Note that neural crest cells were originally (endo/meso/ecto)derm.
Ectoderm
79
Note that neural crest cells (do/don't) undergo differentiation.
Do; from ectoderm into mesenchyme
80
Epidermis, hair, and nails are derivatives of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.
X = surface ectoderm
81
CNS is derivative of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.
X = neural ectoderm
82
Retina is derivative of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.
X = neural ectoderm
83
Lens of eye is derivative of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.
X = surface ectoderm
84
Muscle is derivative of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.
Mesoderm
85
Posterior pituitary gland is derivative of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.
X = neural ectoderm
86
Anterior pituitary is derivative of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.
X = surface ectoderm
87
Connective tissue is derivative of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.
Mesoderm
88
Mammary gland is derivative of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.
X = surface ectoderm
89
How does embryonic mesoderm begin to organize in week (X)?
X = 3 Into three distinct longitudinal columns
90
List the three organized columns of mesoderm that form, from medial to lateral.
1. Paraxial 2. Intermediate 3. Lateral
91
Cranially, the paraxial mesoderm organizes into:
Somitomeres
92
Caudally, the paraxial mesoderm organizes into:
Somites
93
T/F: The age of the embryo can be correlated to number of somites.
True
94
Each somite forms its own:
1. Sclerotome (axial skeleton) 2. Myotome 3. Dermatome
95
Cells of somites migrate to (common/specific) destination and give rise to:
Specific (for each somite); 1. Segmental bone (axial skeleton) 2. Skeletal muscle 3. Dermis/CT of back
96
The intermediate myotome gives rise to:
Urogenital system
97
The lateral mesoderm develops (X) that separate it into which layers?
X = cavities 1. Somatic (parietal) mesoderm 2. Splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm
98
The body wall forms from (X) mesoderm and (overlying/underlying) (Y).
X = somatic Overlying; Y = ectoderm
99
The gut wall forms from (X) mesoderm and (overlying/underlying) (Y).
X = splanchnic Underlying; Y = endoderm
100
Parietal means in relation to:
body wall
101
Visceral means in relation to:
gut wall

Body Structures B&L (14 decks)

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