04. The Atmosphere, Oxygen and Respiration Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What is the principle organ in the respiratory system
A
LUNGS
pg 82
2
Q
Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
Air entering the mouth passes through the ____ and ____ before entering the ____
A
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
pg 82
3
Q
Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What 2 channels does air pass through before entering into the trachea
A
- Pharynx
- Larynx
pg 82
4
Q
Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What is the diameter of the trachea
A
1.8 cm
pg 82
5
Q
Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
The trachea branches off into what
A
BRONCHI
pg 82
6
Q
Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
The bronchi terminate in the what
A
ALVEOLI
pg 82
7
Q
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What happens to the air progressively as it passes through the passages and why
A
WARMED and MOISTENED
TRAP PARTICILES
pg 82
8
Q
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
“Small, spherical bag like structures grouped into clusters” is describing what
A
AVEOLAR SACKS
pg 84
9
Q
Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
The membrane wall of each aveolus is how thin
A
0.5 microns
pg 84
10
Q
Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What type of blood vessel surrounds the aveolus
A
CAPILLARIES
pg 84
11
Q
Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
On average, how many aveoli are there in a healthy male lung
A
300 million
pg 84
12
Q
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
The total area of gas exchange in the alveoli is approximately how much in volume
A
80m^2
pg 84
13
Q
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What do O2 molecules bind to and what are they carried by
A
- HAEMOGLOBIN
- RED BLOOD CELLS
pg 85
14
Q
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Process of taking oxygen from the air and diffusing O2 into the blood stream, whilst expelling unwanted gases is known as what
A
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
pg 85
15
Q
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
The use of oxygen within each cell to create energy by oxidising fuel is known as what
A
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
pg 85
16
Q
Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What is the definition of EXTERNAL respiration
What is the definition of INTERNAL respiration
A
- Taking oxygen from air, difussing into the blood stream
- Using oxygen in each cell to create energy through oxidisation
pg 85
17
Q
Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
The bronchi has LITTLE or LOTS of ability to hold itself open.
A
LITTLE
pg 85
18
Q
Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What are 2 implications of the lung given that bronchi has little or no ability to hold itself open
A
- LUNG COLLAPSE - air pressure drops below pressure in chest
- LUNGS NOT CAPABLE OF INFLATING THEMSELVES
pg 85
19
Q
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
The lungs and heart are located in the chest. This is known as the what
A
THORAX
pg 86
20
Q
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
The thorax is lined by a membrane that makes the cavity what
A
AIR TIGHT
pg 86
21
Q
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
The thorax is separated from the cavity of the abdomen by a large muscled called what
A
DIAPHRAGM
pg 86
22
Q
Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
The thorax is separated from the cavity of the abdomen by a large muscled called what
A
DIAPHRAGM
pg 86
23
Q
Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What is the name of the membrane that lines the outer surface of the lungs
A
PLEURAL MEMBRANE
pg 86
24
Q
Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What is the space between the pleural membrane and the lungs called
A
PLEURAL CAVITY
pg 86
25
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What shape is the resting state of the diaphram
DOME
## Footnote
pg 86
26
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
When the diaphragm flattens out, what happens to the pleural cavity
VOLUME INCREASES
## Footnote
volume increases, meaning pressure decreases, meaning the lungs expand and draw in air
pg 86
27
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What causes the pleural cavity to increase
DIAPHRAGM FLATTENS
## Footnote
pg 86
28
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
Describe the processes of what causes air to be drawn into the lungs and CO2 expelled.
Heart and lungs are in an air tight cavity in the chest called thorax
Cavity separated from abdomen by muscle called diaphragm
Lungs surrounded by a membrane called pleural membrane
Space between lungs and pleural membrane is called pleural cavity
When diaphragm is flattened, this increases volume of pleural cavity.
Increased volume means decreased pressure, which means air is drawn into the lungs
When diagram is rested, it creates a dome shape, decreasing volume in plueral cavity
This increases pressure in lungs, expelling CO2
## Footnote
pg 86
29
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What is the name of the muscle that lifts the ribs upwards and outwards to help increase the volume of the chest
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
## Footnote
pg 87
30
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What is the purpose of the intercostal muscles
LIFT RIBS UPWARDS and OUTWARDS
## Footnote
To increase space in the pleural cavity
pg 87
31
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What is the name of the tool used to measure air moving into and out of the lungs
SPIROMETER
## Footnote
pg 88
32
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What is the maximum lung volume
What is the maximum lung volume called
1. 6 LTR
2. TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
## Footnote
pg 88
33
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
When breathing out, how much air remains within the lungs
What is this volume known as
1. 1.4 LTR
2. RESIDUAL VOLUME
## Footnote
pg 88
34
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What is the name given to the volume of air breathed in and out
TIDAL VOLUME
## Footnote
pg 88
35
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What is the average volume of air breathed in and out in the tidal volume
500 ml
## Footnote
PG 88
36
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
As demand for ____ increases, the tidal volume INCREASES or DECREASES
1. OXYGEN
2. INCREASES
## Footnote
pg 88
37
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
Tidal volume can increase until it reaches which point
VITAL CAPACITY
## Footnote
pg 88
38
# Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the reserve volume
DIFFERENCE between current TIDAL VOLUME and VITAL VOLUME
## Footnote
pg 89
39
# Anatomy of the Respiratory System
1. Difference between *current tidal volume* and *vital volume* : ____
2. Difference between *amount of breath taken in* and *amount of air that could be taken in* : ____
3. Difference between the *amount of air breathed out* and *amount of air that could be breathed out* : ____
1. **RESERVE VOLUME**
Difference between *current tidal volume* and *vital volume*
2. **INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME**
Difference between *amount of breath taken in* and *amount of air that could be taken in*
3. **EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME**
Difference between the *amount of air breathed out* and *amount of air that could be breathed out*
## Footnote
89
40
# Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Describe the following definitions:
1. **RESERVE VOLUME**
Difference between ____ and ____
2. **INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME**
Difference between ____and ____
3. **EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME**
Difference between the ____ and ____
1. **RESERVE VOLUME**
Difference between *current tidal volume* and *vital volume*
2. **INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME**
Difference between *amount of breath taken in* and *amount of air that could be taken in*
3. **EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME**
Difference between the *amount of air breathed out* and *amount of air that could be breathed out*
## Footnote
89
41
# Anatomy of the Respiratory System
The difference between the vital capacity at max inhalation and the total lung capacity
RESIDUAL VOLUME
## Footnote
pg 89
42
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What is the *inspiratory reserve* volume
DIFFERENCE between AIR TAKEN IN and AMOUNT OF AIR THAT COULD BE TAKEN IN
## Footnote
pg 89
43
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
The difference between air taken in and the amount of air that could be taken in is known as what
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
## Footnote
pg 89
44
# Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the *expiratory reserve* volume
DIFFERENCE between AIR ACTUALLY BREATHED OUT than AIR THAT COULD POSSIBLY BE BREATHED OUT
## Footnote
pg 89
45
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
The difference between air actually breathed out and the air that could possibly be breathed out is known as what
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
## Footnote
pg 89
46
# Anatomy of thye Respiratory System
What is the average rate of respiration in a healthy adult male
12 breathes per minute
## Footnote
PG 89
47
# Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Complete the following diagram [here](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1E-hFOkxLlxzNV1gjMzsNFXRYHKO-ja0c/view?usp=share_link)
Answer options are available [here](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Uw3fq9Q-4GuDCUZUcBVkVb5_2KMOsQgh/view?usp=share_link)
1. TLC - Total lung capacity
2. RTV - Resting tidal volume
3. IC - Inspiratory capacity
4. FRC - Functional residual capacity
5. ERV - Expiratory reserve volume
6. IRV - Inspiratory reserve volume
7. RV - Residual volume
8. VTV - Varying tidal volume
9. VC - Vital capacity
## Footnote
Completed [Here](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bnLjupKvTfIaRTiKULESUp8QRA3vzQme/view?usp=share_link)
pg 88
48
# Control of Respiration
Special sensors located in the ____ monitor acidity of ____ and amount of ____ in the blood stream
1. CAROTID ARTERY
2. BLOOD
3. O2 and CO2
## Footnote
pg 90
49
# Control of Respiration
What does the body use to control the level of O2
CO2
## Footnote
CO2 is monitored as it is changing constantly. Conversely, the O2 saturation level is typically around 98% so is not changing much. Ths, CO2 is a better monitor of saturation levels.
pg 90
50
# Control of Respiration
Saturation of oxygen in the blood only starts to drop below 90% when blood reaches what pressure
60 mm Hg
## Footnote
pg 90
51
# The Atmosphere
What is considered the "normal" altitudes from sea level in which breathing process is uncomplicated
SEA LEVEL <> 10,000 to 12,000 ft
## Footnote
pg 91
52
# The Atmosphere
As altitude increases, the ____ of oxygen decreases. This results in MORE or LESS oxygen being absorbed into the blood stream
1. PARTIAL PRESSURE
2. LESS
## Footnote
pg 92
53
# The Atmosphere
As a result of haemoglobin being so good at maintaining the oxygen saturation level of blood, blood oxygen saturation levels *DO or DO NOT* fall at the same rate as the atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen
DO NOT
## Footnote
[See graph](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AmdARt1OKSnAwV_tXVacpfdm0O9nlKvS/view?usp=share_link)
pg 93
54
# The Atmosphere
Blood oxygen saturation levels do not fall at the same rate as what
ATMOSPHERIC PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN
## Footnote
pg 93
55
# The Atmosphere
What is the minimum partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs required to function satisfactorily
55 mm Hg
## Footnote
pg 93
56
# The Atmosphere
What function which leads to slower response times is there a significant decrease of in the body when oxygen partial pressure falls below 10,000 - 12,000 ft
MENTAL FUNCTION
## Footnote
pg 93
57
# The Atmosphere
Percentage of oxygen required *INCREASES or DECREASES* with altitude
INCREASES
## Footnote
pg 94
58
# The Atmosphere
By what altitude is 100% oxygen required to maintain the partial pressure of oxygen to that of sea level
33,700 ft
## Footnote
pg 94
59
# The Atmosphere
What aircraft system automatically controls the proportion of oxygen added to airmix
OXYGEN REGULATOR
## Footnote
pg 94
60
# The Atmosphere
What is the altitude at which even 100% oxygen does not produce the acceptable partial pressure required without pressurisation
40,000 ft
## Footnote
pg 94
61
# The Atmosphere
Complete the table for oxygen requirements
Up to 10,000 ft | ? |
Above 10,000 ft | ? |
10,000 - 33, 700 ft | ? |
33,700 - 40,000 ft | ? |
Above 40,000 ft | ? |
| Altitude | Requirement |
Up to 10,000 ft | No specific requirement
Above 10,000 ft | Supplemntal oxygen required
10,000 - 33,700 ft | Increasing percentage of oxygen required
33,700 - 40,000 ft | 100% O2 required
Above 40,000 ft | Pressurised 100% O2 required
## Footnote
pg 94
62
# The Atmosphere
Complete the table of oxygen requirements;
Up to ____ ft | No specific requirement
Above ____ ft | Supplemntal oxygen required
____ ft | Increasing percentage of oxygen required
____ ft | 100% O2 required
Above ____ ft | Pressurised 100% O2 required
Up to 10,000 ft | No specific requirement
Above 10,000 ft | Supplemntal oxygen required
10,000 - 33,700 ft | Increasing percentage of oxygen required
33,700 - 40,000 ft | 100% O2 required
Above 40,000 ft | Pressurised 100% O2 required
## Footnote
94
63
# The Atmosphere
To avoid the requirement for oxygen masks, the total air pressure inside the cabin is raised. This is achieved through what system
CABIN PRESSURISATION SYSTEM
## Footnote
pg 95
64
# The Atmosphere
What altitude range can cabin pressure drop to, and not exceed
1. Up to 6,000 ft
2. Not exceed 8,000 ft
## Footnote
pg 95
65
# The Atmosphere
What is the name given to the cabin pressure not exceeding the 6,000 - 8,000 ft range
CABIN ALTITUDE
## Footnote
pg 95
66
# The Atmosphere
What is the pressure differential across the fuselage skin at the cabin altitude of 8,000 ft
465 mm Hg (9 PSI)
## Footnote
pg 95
67
# The Atmosphere
Cabin crew are required to use supplemental oxygen whenever cabin pressure altitude exceeds ____ft for ____ min OR;
Whenever cabin altitude exceeds ____ft for ____
1. 10,000 ft
2. 30 min
3. 13,000 ft
4. Any period of time
## Footnote
pg 95
68
# Hypoxia
Which body organ is the largest consumer of oxygen
BRAIN
## Footnote
pg 97
69
# Hypoxia
What is one of the first symptoms of someone suffering from hypoxia
DEGRADED MENTAL PERFORMANCE
## Footnote
pg 97
70
# Hypoxia
What are the 2 main types of hypoxia
1. HYPOXIC HYPOXIA
2. ANAEMIC HYPOXIA
## Footnote
pg 97
71
# Hypoxia
What is the cause of hypoxic hypoxia
Low saturation levels of oxygen in the blood
Typically for pilots caused by reduced level of atmospheric oxygen
## Footnote
pg 97
72
# Hypoxia
What is the cause of anaemic hypoxia
Reduced ability for blood to carry oxygen
i.e. carbon monoxide posioning
## Footnote
pg 97
73
# Hypoxia
What is a biological cause of hypoxia
## FOOTNOTE
form of condition
ASTHMA
## Footnote
pg 97
74
# Hypoxia
What are 5 initial symptoms of hypoxia
1. ____ : hands and feet
2. ____ : lips and fingers
3. ____ : increased rate
4. ____ : head related issues and queazy
5. ____ : feeling
1. TINGLING
2. CYANOSIS
3. BREATHING
4. HEADACHE, DIZZINESS, LIGHT HEADED, NAUSEA, SWEATING
5. IRRITABILITY or EURPHORIA
## Footnote
pg 98
75
# Hypoxia
If hypoxic conditions persist beyond the initial symptoms, what are 7 symptoms that may appear;
1. ____ : impaired
2. ____ : impaired
3. ____ : impaired (no coordination)
4. ____ : desire to sleep
5. ____ : speech
6. ____ : remembering
7. ____ : task at hand
1. Impaired vision
2. Impaired judgement
3. Impaired motor skills
4. Drowsiness
5. Slurred speech
6. Memory loss
7. Difficulty concentrating
## Footnote
pg 98
76
# Hypoxia
What are the 4 stages of hypoxia
1. INDIFFERENT
2. FULL COMPENSATION
3. INCOMPLETE COMPENSATION
4. CRITICAL
## Footnote
pg 100
77
# Hypoxia
Complete the stages of hypoxia table;
| STAGE | ALTITUDE |
1. ____ | ____ft AMSL
2. ____ | ____ ft AMSL
3. ____ | ____ ft AMSL
4. ____ | ____ ft AMSL
1. INDIFFERENT | 0 - 5,000 ft AMSL
2. FULL COMPENSATION | 5,000 - 12,000ft AMSL
3. INCOMPLETE COMPENSATION | 12,000 - 20,000 ft AMSL
4. CRITICAL | Above 20,000 ft AMSL
## Footnote
pg 100
78
# Hypoxia
What is the definition of *time of useful consciousness*
Period of time available to an individual after being deprived of oxygen in which they are still aware of their environment
## Footnote
pg 101
79
# Hypoxia
A period of time available to an indvidual after being deprived of oxygen in which they are still aware of their environment is known as what
TIME OF USEFUL CONSCIOUSNESS
(TUC)
## Footnote
pg 101
80
# Hypoxia
Complete the time of useful consciousness (TUC) table below;
| ALTITUDE | SEATED (at rest) |
1. ____ ft | ____ min
2. ____ ft | ____ min
3. ____ ft | ____ sec
4. ____ ft | ____ sec
1. 20,000ft | 30 min
2. 30,000 ft | 1-2 min
3. 35,000 ft | 30-90 seconds
4. 40,000 ft | 15-20 seconds
## Footnote
pg 101
81
# Hypoxia
What are 5 key factors that can influence the TUC times in an individual
1. HEALTH - state of health
2. SMOKER
3. WEIGHT
4. DECOMPRESSION SPEED
5. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY - more activity requires more oxygen
## Footnote
pg 102
82
# Hyperventiliation
The state of beathing faster and/or deeper than is necessary for the body is known as what
HYPERVENTILATION
## Footnote
pg 103
83
# Hyperventiliation
What is the definition of hyperventilation
Statea of breathing faster and/or deeper than is necessary for the body
## Footnote
pg 103
84
# Hyperventiliation
What are 3 typical causes of hyperventilation
1. DELIBERATE
2. STROKE or HEAD INJURY
3. STRESS or ANXIETY
## Footnote
pg 103
85
# Hyperventiliation
What are 6 indetifiable symptoms of hyperventilation
1. ____ : rapid
2. ____ : feeling dizzy
3. ____ : lips, hands, feet
4. ____ : hot and cold
5. ____ : painful
6. ____ : impaired
1. BREATHING - rapid
2. LIGHT HEADED - feeling dizzy
3. TINGLING - lips, hands, feet
4. FLUSHES - hot and cold
5. HEADACHE
6. PERFORMANCE - impaired
## Footnote
pg 103
86
# Hyperventiliation
What system can be triggered by anxiety and stress to release adrenaline
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
## Footnote
pg 104
87
# Hyperventiliation
What is the name given when the syhmpathetic nervous system releases extreme levels of adrenaline in response to anxiety or stress
PANIC ATTACK
## Footnote
pg 104
88
# Hyperventiliation
What is the best method to control hyperventiliation
POSITIVELY CONTROLLED BREATHING
## Footnote
pg 104
89
# Hyperventiliation
3 main methods of controlling hyperventilation
1. NOSTRIL - covering a nostirl
2. PAPER BAG - breahting into a bag
3. SPEAKING - speaking loudly to control breathing
## Footnote
pg 104
90
# Hypoxia
What are the 3 physiological thresholds of hypoxia and their altitudes
1. REACTION - 7,000 ft
2. DISTURBANCE - 10,000 - 12,000 ft
3. CRITICAL - 22,000 ft
## Footnote
Chapter summary
91
# Hypoxia
Above what altitude can short term memory start to be affected
5,000 ft
## Footnote
pg 99
