10. Higher Functions and Perception

Question 1

Higher Functions

The very large cauliflower-like structure part of the brain is called what

Answer 1

CORTEX

REMEMBER

Cauliflower = Cortex

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Question 2

Higher Functions

The cortex completely surrounds what

Answer 2

LOW BRAIN STRUCTURES

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Question 3

Higher Functions

The CORTEX or LOWER BRAIN are involved in higher human factors

Answer 3

CORTEX

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Question 4

Higher Functions

The CORTEX or LOWER BRAIN STRUCTURES are involved in lower human functions

Answer 4

LOW BRAIN STRUCTURE

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Question 5

Higher Functions

The brain consists of 2 functions. These are;

1. ____ : voluntary
2. ____ : involuntary

Answer 5

1. CONSCIOUS - voluntary
2. UNCONSCIOUS - involuntary

REMEMBER
Cortex = Concious = voluntary

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Question 6

Spatial Orientation

The following description is a definition of what;

“Information is acquired from the environment by the sense organs, is integrated with other information from other senses and is then translated into experiences of objects and events”

Answer 6

PERCEPTION

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Question 7

Spatial Orientation

To gain understanding of your orientation in space is one of the most important functions of what

Answer 7

MULTI-SENSORY INTEGRATION

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Question 8

Spatial Orientation

The most important function of multi-sensory integration is what

Answer 8

ORIENTATION IN SPACE

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Question 9

Spatial Orientation

multi-sensory integration allowing you to determine your orientation in space is known as what

Answer 9

SPATIAL ORIENTATION

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Question 10

Spatial Orientation

What is the primary method of determining spatial orientation

i.e. what sense is the most important

Answer 10

SIGHT

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Question 11

Spatial Orientation

What 3 functions does the body use to determine spatial orientation;

1. ____ : see
2. ____ : stable
3. ____ : sense movement

Answer 11

1. VISION : see
2. BALANCE : stable
3. PROPRIOCEPTION : sense movement

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Question 12

Spatial Orientation

Your brain is able to use vision, balance and proprioception in order to determine the body’s orientation.

It does this by comparing the visual scene with what

Answer 12

VISUAL SCENE WITH HORIZON

any flat surface is assumed to be horizontal.

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Question 13

Spatial Orientation

If no horizon is visible, spatial orientation will rely much more on what 3 things

1. ____ : all things being equal
2. ____ : sense movement
3. ____ : evenly distributed

Answer 13

1. EQUILIBRIUM
2. PROPRIOCEPTION
3. BALANCE

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Question 14

Spatial Orientation

You risk putting an aircraft into a undesirable attitude if you become ____

Answer 14

DISORIENTATED

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Question 15

Spatial Orientation

Why is spatial orientation on the ground typically easier to achieve when compared to being in flight

i.e. why is it harder in the air

Answer 15

OBJECTS PROVIDE RELIABLE FIXED POINTS OF REFERENCE

When you are on the ground, not moving, objects provide a fixed point of reference.
Conversely, in the air, objects are moving, may not be visible

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Question 16

Spatial Orientation

What are 3 factors that contribute to spatial orientation sometimes being harder to achieve when in the air than on the ground;

1. ____ : may not be visible due to darkness, cloud, or haze
2. ____ : derived from gravity, confused by acceleration forces
3. ____ : not noticing the deviations

Answer 16

1. TRUE HORIZON - may not be visible
2. NATURAL SENSE OF UP AND DOWN - derived from gravity, confused by acceleration forces
3. SUBLIMINAL AIRCRAFT CHANGES - not noticing the deviations

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Question 17

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

The process of mental modeling and perception can vary person to person based on what 2 factors

Answer 17

1. THE INDIVIDUAL
2. PAST EXPERIENCE

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Question 18

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

When the brain receives signals from the visual cortex it is building a ____ of the exterior world around us

Answer 18

MENTAL MODEL

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Question 19

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

When we look upon an object we are able to associate a number of characteristics such as how it feels to touch, how heavy it is etc.. this happens in the brain CONSCIOUSLY or SUBCONSCIOUSLY

Answer 19

SUBCONSCIOUSLY

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Question 20

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

A false sense or misinterpreted perception of a sensory experience is known as what

Answer 20

ILLUSION

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Question 21

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

An illusion caused by the misinterpretation of sensory inputs is called what

Answer 21

COGNITIVE ILLUSION

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Question 22

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

Faulty mental models are the prime cause of what type of illusion

Answer 22

COGNITIVE ILLUSION

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Question 23

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

A cognitive illusion is caused by what

Answer 23

MISINTERPRETATION OF SENSORY INPUTS

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Question 24

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

Perceptual process is ver SLOW or FAST;

When confronted with a new ambigious scene, the brain is able to do what

Answer 24

1. FAST
2. CONSTRUCT A MODEL

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Question 25

# Mental Models, Perception and Illusions What will the brain do if it detects that a mental model is faulty

Answer 25

RE-ADJUST UNTIL MODEL FITS WITH PERCEPTION OF REALITY ## Footnote 283

Question 26

# Mental Models, Perception and Illusions What are 2 threats that can lead to critical loss of situational awareness

Answer 26

1. FAULTY MENTAL MODEL 2. COGNITIVE ILLUSION ## Footnote 285

Question 27

# Mental Models, Perception and Illusions A tendancy not to check what can be an extremely dangerous thing in aviation

Answer 27

ASSUMPTIONS ## Footnote assumptions are built once a mental model has been formed 285

Question 28

# Mental Models, Perception and Illusions What can the brain use to fill in bits of missing information

Answer 28

PAST EXPERIENCE ## Footnote 285

Question 29

# Mental Models, Perception and Illusions What are the 2 types of perceptual processing

Answer 29

1. TOP DOWN 2. BOTTOM UP ## Footnote 288

Question 30

# Mental Models, Perception and Illusions *"Perception is a process in which a hypotehsis is made and then information is sought to confirm it"* This is a description of what sort of processing

Answer 30

TOP DOWN ## Footnote **REMEMBER** Brain is on top - brain builds mental model TOP DOWN Sense the ground under your feet when you walk on it. Feet are on the bottom. BOTTOM UP 288

Question 31

# Mental Models, Perception and Illusions How does *top down* processing work

Answer 31

HYPOTHESIS FORMED INFORMATION SOUGHT TO CONFIRM HYPOTHESIS ## Footnote 288

Question 32

# Mental Models, Perception and Illusions *"Sesnation is perception. Information received is enough to create a useful perception of the world"* This is a description of what sort of processing

Answer 32

BOTTOM UP ## Footnote **REMEMBER** Brain is on top - brain builds mental model TOP DOWN Sense the ground under your feet when you walk on it. Feet are on the bottom. BOTTOM UP 288

Question 33

# Mental Models, Perception and Illusions How does *bottom up* processing work

Answer 33

SENSATION Information received is enough to form a perception of the world ## Footnote 288

Question 34

# Mental Models, Perception and Illusions *Bottom up* processing will occur when information is *AMBIGIOUS or UNAMBIGIOUS*

Answer 34

UNAMBIGIOUS ## Footnote **REMEMBER** Brain is on top - brain builds mental model TOP DOWN Sense the ground under your feet when you walk on it. Feet are on the bottom. BOTTOM UP 288

Question 35

# Mental Models, Perception and Illusions *Top down* processing will occur when information is *AMBIGIOUS or UNAMBIGIOUS*

Answer 35

AMBIGIOUS and a lot of information is missing ## Footnote **REMEMBER** Brain is on top - brain builds mental model TOP DOWN Sense the ground under your feet when you walk on it. Feet are on the bottom. BOTTOM UP 288

Question 36

# Mental Models, Perception and Illusions 5 factors of *mental modeling* are 1. ____ : large amounts of conflicting information from the senses 2. ____ : what is seen, heard, and felt 3. ____ : meeting sensory processing challange 4. ____ : often not reassessed 5. ____ : dangerous due to human behaviour

Answer 36

1. BRAINS QUICK INTERPRETATION : large amounts of conflicting information from the senses 2. BRAIN CAN MAKE SENSE : of what is seen, heard, and felt 3. EFFICIENT : meeting sensory processing challange 4. DANGEROUS : once mental image created, often not reassessed or checked against reality 5. SENSE OF REALITY : human behaviour and responses are based on reactions to mental models not to reality ## Footnote 288

Question 37

# Visual Constancy The brain automatically adjusts to what 3 things of familiar objects

Answer 37

1. SIZE 2. DETAIL 3. COLOUR ## Footnote 289

Question 38

# Visual Constancy *Visual constancy* is applied by the brain ____

Answer 38

AUTOMATICALLY ## Footnote 289

Question 39

# Visual Constancy The process of the brain constructing a mental model of what an object *should* look like rather than what is *does* look like is known as what

Answer 39

SHAPE CONSTANCY ## Footnote 289

Question 40

# Visual Constancy The brains ability to perceive an object as the same object throughout a wide cariety of viewing conditions is known as what

Answer 40

VISUAL CONSTANCY ## Footnote 289

Question 41

# Visual Constancy What are 3 forms of *visual constancy*

Answer 41

1. SHAPE 2. COLOUR and BRIGHTNESS 3. SIZE ## Footnote 289/290/291

Question 42

# Visual Constancy Under what conditions does colour vary significantly

Answer 42

DIFFERENT LIGHTING ## Footnote 290

Question 43

# Visual Constancy Our brain perceives familiar objects as always have what

Answer 43

SAME COLOUR ## Footnote 290

Question 44

# Visual Constancy Our brain automatically assumes what, and compensates accordingly from what is expects to be in shadow

Answer 44

SUNLIGHT ## Footnote 290

Question 45

# Visual Constancy Brain has a natural tendacy to believe what sort of objects

Answer 45

3-DIMMENSIONAL ## Footnote 291

Question 46

# Visual Constancy The physical size of a persona image on your retina will change considerably with distance but the brain automatically scales up and sacles down the image. This is known as what

Answer 46

SIZE CONSISTANCY ## Footnote 292

Question 47

# Visual Constancy The brain makes assumptions, more often right than wrong. When we see a large flat expanse of terrain, we tend to believe it what

Answer 47

FLAT with NO SLOPE ## Footnote 292

Question 48

# Visual Constancy *Visual, Size, or Shape* consistancy is particularly important to commercial aviation and why

Answer 48

1. SIZE 2. JUDGING HEIGH IN FLARE ## Footnote 293

Question 49

# Limitations of Perception Repeating patterns of flickering light which can cause dizziness and vertigo are known as what type of effect

Answer 49

STROBOSCOPIC ## Footnote 296

Question 50

# Visual Constancy *Stroboscopic* effects can lead to what 2 conditions

Answer 50

1. DIZZINESS 2. VERTIGO ## Footnote 296

Question 51

# Perceptual Set What is a useful tool for creating a short-cut to constructing a metnal model

Answer 51

PAST EXPERIENCE ## Footnote 297

Question 52

# Perceptual Set *"we perceive what we expect to perceive and not neccessarily what is actually there"* This is a description of what

Answer 52

EXPECTANCY / PERCEPTUAL SET ## Footnote 297

Question 53

# Perceptual Set Perceptual set can cause issues in what circumstance

Answer 53

FIRST ENCOUNTERS encountering something new or unfamiliar ## Footnote 297

Question 54

# Perceptual Set What is the definition of *perceptual set*

Answer 54

"Bias, predisposition or readiness to perceive particular features or stimulus" ## Footnote 297

Question 55

# Perceptual Set *Perceptual set* works in what 2 ways

Answer 55

1. SELECTING information 2. INTERPRETING information ## Footnote 297

Question 56

# Perceptual Set *Expectations* allow us to do what

Answer 56

FOCUS ATTENTION ## Footnote 297

Question 57

# Perceptual Set Expectancy is sensitive to the ____ in which information is received

Answer 57

CONTEXT ## Footnote 301

Question 58

# Perceptual Set Expectancy of radio messages can influence what

Answer 58

AUDIO PERCEPTION ## Footnote 303

Question 59

# Organisation of the brain The *cortex* is divided into how many parts The parts are known as what

Answer 59

1. 2 HALVES (left and right) 2. HEMISPHERES ## Footnote 306

Question 60

# Organisation of the brain The 2 hemispheres of the brain are connected by what

Answer 60

LARGE BUNDLE OF NERVES ## Footnote 306

Question 61

# Organisation of the brain The large bundle of nerves connecting the 2 hemispheres of the brain together allow for what

Answer 61

COMMUNICATION and EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ## Footnote 306

Question 62

# Organisation of the brain 3 specific cortexes of the brain directly correlated to function

Answer 62

1. VISUAL 2. MOTOR 3. SENSORY ## Footnote 306

Question 63

# Organisation of the brain What is the *motor cortex* responsible for

Answer 63

INITIATING VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS ## Footnote 306

Question 64

# Organisation of the brain What is the *sensory cortex* responsible for

Answer 64

DETECTING SENSORY INPUTS FROM PARTS OF THE BODY ## Footnote 306

Question 65

# Organisation of the brain What is the *visual cortex* responsible for

Answer 65

MAPS VISUAL FIELDS ## Footnote 306

Question 66

# Organisation of the brain There is a huge built in bias in what 2 cortex areas

Answer 66

1. MOTOR 2. SENSORY ## Footnote 306

Question 67

# Organisation of the brain Large areas of the cortex are devoted to relatively small but critically important areas of the body. 4 examples include; 1. ____ : attached to arm 2. ____ : attached to the above answer 3. ____ : found on the face 4. ____ : used for kissing

Answer 67

1. HANDS 2. FINGERS 3. MOUTH 4. LIPS ## Footnote 306

Question 68

# Organisation of the brain Visual fields are mapped how within the brain

Answer 68

LEFT VISUAL FIELD projected onto LEFT VISUAL CORTEX RIGHT VISUAL FIELD projtected onto RIGHT VISUAL CORTEX ## Footnote 307

Question 69

# Organisation of the brain The *right hemisphere* is concerned with what 2 things

Answer 69

1. NON-VERBAL REASONING 2. SPATIAL SKILLS ## Footnote 308

Question 70

# Organisation of the brain The *left hemisphere* is concerned with what 4 things 1. ____ : talking 2. ____ : documenting 3. ____ : this makes sense 4. ____ : making a decision

Answer 70

1. SPEECH 2. WRITING 3. LOGIC 4. CONSCIOUS THOUGHT ## Footnote 308

Question 71

# Organisation of the brain The *front of the temporal cortex* is associated with some of the highest human characterisitcs, such as what 2 things

Answer 71

1. REASONING 2. PERSONALITY ## Footnote 308

Question 72

# Organisation of the brain *non-verbal reasoning and spatial skills* are associated with which part of the brain

Answer 72

RIGHT HEMISPHERE ## Footnote 308

Question 73

# Organisation of the brain *Speech, writing, logic, and conscious thought* are associated with which part of the brain

Answer 73

LEFT HEMISPHERE ## Footnote 308

Question 74

# Organisation of the brain *Reasoning and personality* are associated with which part of the brain

Answer 74

FRONT OF TEMPORAL CORTEX ## Footnote 308

Question 75

# Organisation of the brain