16. Cockpit Management and Automation

Question 1

The Multi-Crew Concept

The multi-crew concept serves what 2 purposes

Answer 1

1. REDUNDANCY
2. DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITY & WORKLOAD SHARING

574

Question 2

The Multi-Crew Concept

The following definition is which of the 2 multi-crew purposes;

“If a pilot becomes incapacitated there is at least one other to carry on the task of flying”

Answer 2

REDUNDANCY
division of responsibility and workload sharing

574

Question 3

The Multi-Crew Concept

The following definition is which of the 2 mutli-crew purposes;

“Neither crew member becomes overloaded where they lose situational awareness or exceed capacity”

Answer 3

redundancy
DIVISION OF REPSONSIBILITY & WORKLOAD SHARING

574

Question 4

The Multi-Crew Concept

What are the 2 fundamental elements of the multi-crew concept

Answer 4

1. COOPERATION
2. COMMUNICATION

574

Question 5

The Multi-Crew Concept

Standards set out by airlines on the division of responsibility between crew members are known as what

Answer 5

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
(SOPs)

574

Question 6

The Multi-Crew Concept

SOPs significantly contribute to avoiding and reducing threats and errors by reducing (i) ____ and (ii) ____ or (iii) ____ actions

Answer 6

1. AMBIGUITY
2. UNEXPECTED
3. UNANTICIPATED

575

Question 7

The Multi-Crew Concept

A key disadvantage of SOPs over time

Answer 7

BECOME HABIT

575

Question 8

The Multi-Crew Concept

What is the key purpose of the crew briefing

Answer 8

REMIND CREW OF ACTIONS
remind crew of actions to be taken during critical stages of flight

576

Question 9

The Multi-Crew Concept

A meeting to remind crew members of the actions to be taken during critical phases of flight

Answer 9

CREW BRIEFING

576

Question 10

The Multi-Crew Concept

Crew briefings formalise and re-state;

1. DIVSIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY
2. PLANNED SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
3. ROUTINE FACTORS
4. ACTIONS IN EVENT OF EMERGENCY
5. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
6. PRE-TAKE OFF AND PRE-LANDING BRIEFINGS

Answer 10

1. DIVSIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY
2. PLANNED SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
3. ROUTINE FACTORS
4. ACTIONS IN EVENT OF EMERGENCY
5. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
6. PRE-TAKE OFF AND PRE-LANDING BRIEFINGS

576

Question 11

The Multi-Crew Concept

A method of ensuring that the aircraft is operated in acordance with the manufacturers recommendations

Answer 11

CHECKLISTS

577

Question 12

The Multi-Crew Concept

What is the purpose of a checklist and proper checklist discipline

Answer 12

AIRCRAFT OPERATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH MANUFACTURERS RECOMMEDNATIONS

577

Question 13

The Multi-Crew Concept

5 key things that checklists are designed to do as well as ensuring the aircraft is operated in accordance with manufacturers recommendations;

1. ____ of forgetting to carry out vital actions
2. Ensure that checks are carried out ____
3. Appropriately schedule checks for ____
4. Designed to be ____
5. Encourage ____ between crew members

Answer 13

1. REDUCE THE RISK
2. IN THE CORRECT SEQUENCE
3. PERIODS OF LOW WORKLOAD
4. INTUITIVE AND ERGONOMIC
5. COOPERATION AND CROSS CHECKING

577

Question 14

The Multi-Crew Concept

What are the 2 principal types of checklist

Answer 14

1. TO-DO-LIST
2. VERIFICATION LIST

578

Question 15

The Multi-Crew Concept

The following is an example of which of the 2 types of checklist;

“actions carried out as the checklist is read”

Answer 15

TO-DO-LIST
verification list

578

Question 16

The Multi-Crew Concept

The following is an example of whcih of the 2 types of checklist;

“read out to confirm that actions have been completed”

Answer 16

to-do-list
VERIFICATION LIST

578

Question 17

The Multi-Crew Concept

In both the to-do-list and verification list checklist methods, a ____ and ____ system is used

Answer 17

CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE

578

Question 18

The Multi-Crew Concept

To reduce the risk of action slips when carrying out checklist items, it is good practice to do what before implemention the action

Answer 18

PHYSICALLY POINT TO COCKPIT ITEM

579

Question 19

The Multi-Crew Concept

An important countermeasure against ineffective monitoring of the instruments or automatics i.e. “1,000ft to go”

Answer 19

CALL-OUTS

579

Question 20

Automation

A method of reducing workload and possibility of human error

Answer 20

AUTOMATION

580

Question 21

Automation

Errors using and managing automation account towards ____% of approach and landing accidents

Answer 21

20%

580

Question 22

Automation

4 culprit behaviours linked to errors using and managing automation are;

1. Inadequate ____
2. Incorrect ____ with automation
3. ____ on automation
4. Ineffective ____ and mutual backup

Answer 22

1. Inadequate SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
2. Incorrect INTERACTION with automation
3. OVER RELIANCE on automation
4. Ineffective CREW CROSS-CHECKING and mutual backup

580

Question 23

Automation

Is the following an example of a Boeing or Airbus automation philosophy;

“ensures that the pilot is the operator of last resort”

Answer 23

BOEING

580

Question 24

Automation

Is the following an example of a Boeing or Airbus automation philosophy;

“overrides what it considers to be an unachievable or dangerous pilot control input”

Answer 24

AIRBUS

580

Question 25

# Automation Automated systems are able to fly the aircraft in what manner better than humans. This results in what for the passengers

Answer 25

1. SMOOTHLY 2. BETTER COMFORT ## Footnote 581

Question 26

# Automation Advanced automation allows crews to operate safetly in what in relation to the aircraft limitiations that would otherwise be unobtainable by a human

Answer 26

ENVELOPE ## Footnote 581

Question 27

# Automation Automation can contribute to ____% of fuel savings

Answer 27

3-5% ## Footnote 581

Question 28

# Automation Why does modern automation allow for 2-crew aircraft

Answer 28

FLIGHT ENGINEER FUNCTIONS SEMI-AUTOMATED ## Footnote 581

Question 29

# Automation By automation relieving the pilots of routine workload, what does this allow them to do

Answer 29

CONCENTRATE ON HIGHER-LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS i.e. critial situations ## Footnote 581

Question 30

# Automation A task that humans are inherently bad at

Answer 30

MONITORING ## Footnote 582

Question 31

# Automation A factor that can contribute to exacerbating humans being bad at monitoring is what | aircraft design

Answer 31

ERGONOMICS ## Footnote 582

Question 32

# Automation A key threat associated with automation as a result of the pilot being 'out of the loop'

Answer 32

CRITICAL LOSS OF SITUATION AWARENESS ## Footnote 584

Question 33

# Automation Indications for each mode of automation are sometimes not immediately apparent. This can lead to what

Answer 33

LACK OF MODE AWARENESS and CONFUSION ## Footnote 585

Question 34

# Automation Automated systems filter the information presented to the crew. What can this lead to

Answer 34

LACK OF AWARENESS of what is really going on ## Footnote 585

Question 35

# Automation A sense of satisfaction resulting from, or causing, a general lack of critical analysis of the circumstances

Answer 35

COMPLACENCY ## Footnote 585

Question 36

# Automation The term used when a crew tend to become passive monitors of a system and fail to actively question its performance

Answer 36

AUTOMATION COMPLACENCY ## Footnote 585

Question 37

# Automation A threat of automation, especially in long haul pilots

Answer 37

LOSS OF MANUAL FLYING SKILLS ## Footnote 586

Question 38

# Automation Which of the following 3 things that automation is not very good at is defined below; *"Deciding which of many simultaneous abnormal conditions should be dealt with first"* PRIORITISING TASKS BALANCING SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AGAINST PRECISION DEALING CREATIVELY WITH UNKNOWNS

Answer 38

**PRIORITISING TASKS** balancing safety considerations against precision dealing creatively with unknowns ## Footnote 587

Question 39

# Automation Which of the following 3 things that automation is not very good at is defined below; *"not allowing the aircraft to deviate from its programmed path in a very heavy turbulence and therefore not minimising excessive forces on the airframe"* PRIORITISING TASKS BALANCING SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AGAINST PRECISION DEALING CREATIVELY WITH UNKNOWNS

Answer 39

prioritising tasks **BALANCING SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AGAINST PRECISION** dealing creatively with unknowns ## Footnote 587

Question 40

# Automation Which of the following 3 things that automation is not very good at is defined below; *"an area in which humans excel over automation providing they recognise the condition and take back control from automation"* PRIORITISING TASKS BALANCING SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AGAINST PRECISION DEALING CREATIVELY WITH UNKNOWNS

Answer 40

prioritising tasks balancing safety considerations against precision **DEALING CREATIVELY WITH UNKNOWNS** ## Footnote 587

Question 41

# Automation A method of countermeasuring the threat of automation and the confusion of knowing if the pilot or automation is in charge of a system

Answer 41

REVERT TO LOWER LEVEL OF AUTOMATION ## Footnote reverting to a level of automation which requires the human to be more involved with controlling the flight path 588

Question 42

# Using Automation Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define; *"Failure to take-over from automation when needed, or taking over too late"*

Answer 42

INTIMIDATION ## Footnote 594

Question 43

# Using Automation Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define; *"Excessive delegation to the automated systems"*

Answer 43

OVERCONFIDENCE and OVER RELIANCE ## Footnote 594

Question 44

# Using Autmoation Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define; *"Adopting a passive attitude towards, or lack of active supervision of, automation"*

Answer 44

COMPLACENCY ## Footnote 594

Question 45

# Using Automation Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define; *"selecting an incorrect mode"*

Answer 45

INADVERTANT ARMING OR ENGAGEMENT OF MODE ## Footnote 594

Question 46

# Using Automation Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define; *"Insufficient reference to flight management displays and not checking after an action is taken"*

Answer 46

FAILURE TO VERIFY THE MODE ARMED OR ENGAGED ## Footnote 594

Question 47

# Using Automation Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define; *"Selcing a wrong or inappropriate altitude, speed, or heading mode or value and then failing to confirm the selected target on the PFD"* | PFD - Primary Flight Display

Answer 47

INCORRECT TARGET SELECTION ## Footnote 594

Question 48

# Using Autmoation Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define; *"Selecting an altitude below the final approach intercept altitude during the approach"*

Answer 48

INCORRECT ALTITUDE SELECTION ## Footnote 594

Question 49

# Using Automation Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define; *"accidently navigating to the wrong position or coordinates"*

Answer 49

INCORRECT WAYPOINT INSERTION ## Footnote 594

Question 50

# Using Automation Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define; *"Arming the lateral navigation mode with an incorrect active waypoint"*

Answer 50

NAVIGATING TO THE WRONG WAYPOINT ## Footnote 594

Question 51

# Using Automation Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define; *"Tunnel vision, especially during a critical flight phase, with consequent loss of situational awareness"*

Answer 51

PREOCCUPATION WITH FMS PROGRAMMING ## Footnote 594

Question 52

# Using Automation Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define; *"Insufficient understanding of modes. Not knowing about transitions from one mode to another or how one mode may revert to another"*

Answer 52

CONFUSION ABOUT MODES ## Footnote 594

Question 53

# Using Automation Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define; *"Preventing the pilot flying (PF) from monitoring the flight path and airspeed. Both pilots being engaged in the management of automation or in solving an unanticipated situation or abnormal condition"*

Answer 53

INADEQUATE TASK SHARING and/or CRM PRACTICES | CRM - Crew Resource Management ## Footnote 595

Question 54

# Using Automation Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define; *"As example, engaging autopilot with the flight director bars largely not centred usually after a period of hand flying the aircraft without following the flight director"*

Answer 54

DISORDERLY ENGAEMENT OF AUTOPILOT ## Footnote 595

Question 55

# Using Automation Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define; *"Failure to set the correct final approach course"*

Answer 55

FAILURE TO ARM APPROACH MODE ## Footnote 595

Question 56

# Using Automation When using automation, you should follow what 3 steps technique

Answer 56

1. ANTICIPATE 2. EXECUTE 3. CONFIRM ## Footnote 597

Question 57

# Using Automation Which of the following of the 3 steps techniques you should follow when using automation is defined below; *"Understand the likely results of any action and be aware of any mode whcih is being engaged or armed"*

Answer 57

ANTICIPATE ## Footnote 597

Question 58

# Using Automation Which of the following of the 3 steps techniques you should follow when using automation is defined below; *"Perform the necessary action or mode selection"*

Answer 58

EXECUTE ## Footnote 597

Question 59

# Using Automation Which of the following of the 3 steps techniques you should follow when using automation is defined below; *"Cross-check and then announce the result"*

Answer 59

CONFIRM ## Footnote 597