11. Perceptual Errors Flashcards
1
Q
Visual Illusions
The mental model of the world is constructed using ____, which without we would not be able to perceive its 3 dimensions.
A
VISUAL CUES
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2
Q
Visual Illusions
What is the stereoscopic distance limit
A
60m
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3
Q
Visual Illusions
To perceive depth outside of the stereoscopic limit of 60m, a combination of what 3 things in regards to features in or on the landscape help
- ____ : how big
- ____ : sharp or not
- ____ : railway lines disappearing in the distance
A
- ACTUAL SIZE
- OBSERVABLE DETAIL (near or far objects)
- CONVERGENCE OF LINE FEATURES
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4
Q
Visual Illusions
Objects are perceived as distant when the object is ____ or has ____
A
- HAZY
- INDISTINCT COLOUR
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5
Q
Visual Illusions
Clear, well defined objects are interpreted as being NEAR or FAR
A
NEAR
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6
Q
Visual Illusions
What 3 weather phenomena’s can affect depth perception
A
- FOG
- MIST
- HAZE
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7
Q
Visual Illusions
Objects obscured by mist or fog appear to be NEAR or FAR
A
FAR
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8
Q
Visual Illusions
When texture cues are abscent, what judgement can be extremely difficult
landing an aircraft
A
HEIGHT
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9
Q
Visual Illusions
What does the brain instinctively use to make judgements about speed
A
RELATIVE MOVEMENT
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10
Q
Vestibular Illusions
REWRITE THIS CARD!!!
Causes of vestibular illusions have 4 fundamental roots;
- ____ : gravity
- ____ : putting your foot down
- ____ : cannot feel it
- ____ : no clues
A
- Vestibular system assumes linear accelerations of 1g are the effect of gravity
- Vestibular system can only detect initial angular accelerations
- Vestibular system has a threshold below which external stimuli do not trigger
- Insuffucient visual information to correct the minds misinterpretation of the vestibular information
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11
Q
Vestibular Illusions
The hairs bending backwards in what 2 inner ear chambers causing the brain to interpret the message as a change in orientation
A
UTRILCE & SACCULE
Ololiths
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12
Q
Vestibular Illusions
The illusion of feeling like you are pitching up or pitching down as a result of acceleration or deceleration is known as what
A
SOMATOGRAVIC ILLUSION
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13
Q
Vestibular Illusions
A forward acceleration makes you feel like you are pitching UP or DOWN
A
UP
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14
Q
Vestibular Illusions
A deceleration makes you feel like you are pitching UP or DOWN
A
DOWN
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15
Q
Vestibular Illusions
The semi-circular canals detect angular acceleration as a result of what happening inside of them
pronounced relative movement between the fluid and canal
A
INERTIA OF FLUID
inertia of fluid inside of the canal causes pronounced relative movement between the fluid and canal
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16
Q
Vestibular Illusions
In a prolonged turn when the fluid in the canal is accelerating at the same rotational speed as the canal itself, this gives the illusion of what
A
BEING STATIONARY
Prolonged turn the walls of the canals eventually give enough energy to the fluid to accelerate it to the same rotational speeds as the canal itself. Once this happens there is no movement of fluid relative to the canal structure and the hairs return to their unbent condition. This results in the illusion of being stationary when in fact the head is still rotating.
320
17
Q
Vestibular Illusions
When a rotation of the head stops, inertia of the fluid within the canal continues even though the canals themselves are no longer moving. This gives the illusion of what
A
RAPID ROTATION
When the rotation of the head stops, the inertia of the fluid causes it to continuie rotating even when the canals themselves have stopped. The brain senses a rapid rotation, from what it thought was a stationary state.
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18
Q
Vestibular Illusions
The following explanation is a description of what sort of illusion;
- Stationary - Molecule of fluid is stationary within the canal
- Rotation begins - Molecule of fluid is still stationary but there is now relative movement between it and the canal
- Rotation continues - Molecule of fluid starts to accelerate, relative movement starts to reduce
- Rotation continues - Molcule of fluid at same rotational velocity as the canal. No relative movement is detected (an illusion)
- Rotation stops - Canal suddenly stops rotation. Molecule of fluid continues to rotate with inertia. Hair bends with the direction of inertia.
A
SOMATOGYRAL ILLUSION
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19
Q
Vestibular Illusions
What sort of condition and action combined is likely to cause a somatogyral illusion
A
PROLONGED TURN at NIGHT or IN CLOUD
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20
Q
Vestibular Illusions
One of the causes of the leans is what illusions
A
SOMATOGYRAL ILLUSION
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21
Q
Vestibular Illusions
A phenomenon in which a pilot flying without visual reference has an overpowering sense of gently rolling or pitching is known as what
A
THE LEANS
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22
Q
Vestibular Illusions
A cross coupled stimulation of 2 or more canals which can cause a sensation fo violent rolling, pitching or tumbling is called what
It can occur as a result of what
A
- CORIOLIS ILLUSION
- MOVING HEAD DURING SUSTAINED MANOEUVRE
During a sustatined manoeuvre without visual references, must keep head still.
Elements of acceleration can be misinterpreted if you move your head
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23
Q
Vestibular Illusions
What are the 3 symptoms of the coriolis illusion
A
- ROLLING
- PITCHING
- TUMBLING
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24
Q
Vestibular Illusions
What are the 3 symptoms of vertigo
A
- WHIRLING
- SPINNING
- TUMBLING
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25
# Vestibular Illusions
A condition brought on as a result of a disorder of the vestibular system that gives a sense of whirling, spinning, or tumbling
VERTIGO
## Footnote
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26
# Vestibular Illusions
*Vertigo* can induce what
MOTION SICKNESS
and as a result, nausea and vomiting
## Footnote
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27
# Vestibular Illusions
What is one of the most common causes of *vertigo*
ALCOHOL
## Footnote
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28
# Vestibular Illusions
Effects of alcohol can last on the vestibular system for how long after consumption
3 days
## Footnote
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29
# Vestibular Illusions
It is possible to realise you are suffering from coriolis effect whilst maintaining a good understanding of the orientation of your body in the aircraft. In such cases, what is the overriding function over the misleading sensory perceptions
COGNITIVE AWARENESS
## Footnote
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30
# Proprioception Illusions
Pressure on your buttocks that makes your brain assume you are sitting up is sensed by what body part
MECHANORECEPTORS
## Footnote
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31
# Proprioception Illusions
Unless there is a visual reference telling you otherwise, pressure sensed by your *mechanoreceptors* upto ____g will tell our brain you are sitting up
1g
## Footnote
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32
# Proprioception Illusions
The name given to *mechanoreceptors* sensing 1g and telling your body you are sitting up
SEAT OF YOUR PANTS SENSE
## Footnote
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33
# Proprioception Illusions
*Seat of the pants* sense can lead to severe loss of situation awareness under what conditions
VISUAL INFORMATION IS ABSENT OR LIMITED
Cloud or dark night
## Footnote
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34
# Proprioception Illusions
When visual references are lost and situational awareness is loss due to seat of the pants sense, what is the only corrective measure
BELIEVE AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS
## Footnote
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35
# Motion Illusions
Illusions associated with motion are typically attributed to what 2 causes
1. SMALL ACCELERATIONS
2. HABITUATION
## Footnote
Small accelerations - undetectable by vestibular system. Impossible to sense movement
Habituation - prolonged exposure to stimuli, decreased responses from sensory neurons
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36
# Motion Illusions
An illusion caused by the eye being deprived of almost all background information
AUTOKINETIC
## Footnote
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37
# Motion Illusions
What is the symptom of a *autokinetic* illusion
LIGHT SOURCE APPEARING TO MOVE RANDOMLY
## Footnote
328
38
# Motion Illusions
The eye continuously making small movements is known as what
| side to side
SACCADES
## Footnote
328
39
# Motion Illusions
Eye movements less than ____° cannot be detected by the brain
6°
## Footnote
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40
# Motion Illusions
What is it that the brain cannot detect movement less than 6°
PROPRIOCEPTORS IN THE EYE MUSCLE LESS SENSITIVE
less sensitive than other muscles in the body
## Footnote
328
41
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
What weather condition may make a pilot underestimate their taxiing speed
BLOWING SNOW with TAILWIND
## Footnote
blowing snow with tailwind passing by the windows may make a pilot inadvertently use the relative speed of the snowflakes as a cue for taxiing speed
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42
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
What is a known risk when converting from an aircraft from a lower flight deck to a higher one
TAXIING TO FAST
## Footnote
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43
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
A long landing roll at high speed may result in what sensory deprivation that could make a pilot underestimate their taxi exit way speed
HABITUATION
## Footnote
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44
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
On take off on a dark night with a low all up mass, what sort of illusion is a pilot possibly likely to experience
SOMATOGRAVIC
## Footnote
The illusion of feeling like you are pitching up or pitching down as a result of acceleration or deceleration is known as what
330
45
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
A rapid deceleration in flight that can trigger a sensation of pitching down can be brought on by what aircraft configuration
IDLE POWER WITH SPEED BRAKES
## Footnote
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46
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
A very insidious visual illusion brought on by sloping clouds
FALSE HORIZON
## Footnote
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47
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
A *false horizon* visual illusion can often be brought on by what seen in the sky
SLOPING CLOUDS
## Footnote
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48
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
Why is a steadily rising valley floor known to be a typical cause of pilot accidents
VALLEY SIDES PREVENT VIEW OF TRUE HORIZON
## Footnote
Valley floor is rising, pilot flies the aircraft parallel to the floor, believing to be straight and level when infact they are climbing. This visual reference is lost due to valley walls preventing you knowing your true orientation.
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49
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
In artic regions where the atmosphere is far less polluted, far objects appear *CLOSER or FURTHER AWAY* than they really are
Why
1. CLOSER
2. LESS HAZING, VERY CLEAR AIR
## Footnote
333
50
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
Trying to judge an aircrafts distance by lights alone can be very difficult when the autokinetic effect can cause an aircraft in the distance appear to move position on the horizon. This is worse under what conditions
NIGHT in SPARSELY POPULATED AREA
## Footnote
333
51
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
A common illusion in visual cruise flight
ELEVATION OF RELATIVE ALTITUDE
## Footnote
mountains at a distance appear above the aircraft when in fact they are far below
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52
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
Pilots use what 3 visual cues to help judge approach and flare
1. ____ : judge distance and height
2. ____ : judge approach angle
3. ____ : judge both impact point and flare
1. TEXTURE AND COLOUR
2. HORIZON
3. TEXTURE FLOW
## Footnote
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53
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
Pilots use what 3 visual cues to help judge approach and flare
1. TEXTURE AND COLOUR : ____
2. HORIZON : ____
3. TEXTURE FLOW : ____
1. TEXTURE AND COLOUR : judge distance and height
2. HORIZON : judge approach angle
3. TEXTURE FLOW : judge both impact point and flare
## Footnote
334
54
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
Texture detail reduces with what
| not weather
DISTANCE
## Footnote
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55
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
We subconsiously judge the angle of approach by comparing the runway to the horizon when missing what 3 visual aids on approach
1. PAPI
2. VASI
3. ILS
## Footnote
336
56
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
If PAPI, VASI, and ILS are missing on approach, how will we subconsciosly judge the approach angle
COMPARE RUNWAY TO HORIZON
## Footnote
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57
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
On a level surface, converging lines forming on the horizon is known as what
VANISHING POINT
## Footnote
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58
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
When there is no horizon due to bad visibility, we mentally extend the sides of the runway to the vanishing point. What is the risk of this
BRAIN ASSUMES RUNWAY IS ON LEVEL SURFACE
## Footnote
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59
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
An *up sloping* runway gives the illusion of being *HIGH or LOW* on approach
A *down sloping* runway gives the illusion of being *HIGH or LOW* on approach
1. HIGH
2. LOW
## Footnote
**REMEMBER**
To go HIGH we must go UP
To go LOW we must go DOWN
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# Illusions by Phase of Flight
When approaching a *down sloping* runway, you will tend to be *HIGH or LOW* on approach
When approaching an *up sloping* runway, you will tend to be *HIGH or LOW* on approach
1. HIGH
2. LOW
## Footnote
**REMEMBER**
An *up sloping* gives the impression you are high on approach, so you will tend to correct by going lower
A *down sloping* gives the impression you are low on approach, so you will tend to correct by going higher
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61
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
In the latter stages of flight, the brain will subconsciously use what to help judge the visual aiming point
TEXTURE FLOW
## Footnote
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62
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
The point where the line of approach from your eye point meets the runway is known as what
AIMING POINT
## Footnote
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63
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
What is the definition of the *aiming point*
POINT WHERE LINE OF APPROACH FROM EYE MEETS RUNWAY
## Footnote
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# Illusions by Phase of Flight
In what directions does texture flow specifically *only* from the aiming point
OUTWARDS IN ALL DIRECTIONS
## Footnote
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65
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
What are 2 possible consequences of reduced visibility of the texture flow
1. LATE ROUND OUT
2. POORLY JUDGED TOUCHDOWN POSITION
## Footnote
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# Illusions by Phase of Flight
Where is the *touchdown point* in reference to the *aiming point*
FURTHER BEHIND
[EXAMPLE](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QE2HGrbqy2nvvaueoY8N1pbw5KgQCvap/view?usp=share_link)
## Footnote
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# Illusions by Phase of Flight
A *SHALLOW or STEEP* approach will result in a larger difference between the aiming and touchdown points
SHALLOW
## Footnote
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68
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
An extremely dangerous illusion that happens at night on visual approach to a runway surrounded by dark terrain
BLACK HOLE EFFECT
## Footnote
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# Illusions by Phase of Flight
The definition of the *black hole effect*
DANGEROUS ILLUSION
HAPPENS AT NIGHT ON APPROACH TO RUNWAY SURROUNDED BY DARK TERRAIN
## Footnote
340
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# Illusions by Phase of Flight
What does the *black hole* effect result in
EXCESSIVELY LOW HEIGHT IN FINAL STAGES OF FLIGHT
and;
DANGEROUSLY REDUCED SEPARATION FROM OBSTACLES
## Footnote
340
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# Illusions by Phase of Flight
The *black hole* effect is more *pronounced* on what sort of runway
SHORT RUNWAY
## Footnote
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72
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
The *black hole* effect is *most dangerous* on what sort of runways
UP-SLOPING RUNWAY
## Footnote
1.04% can result in CFIT
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# Illusions by Phase of Flight
What is the human effect which results in the dangers associated with the *black hole* effect
DEEP ROOTED TENDANCY TO MAINTAIN CONSTANT VISUAL ANGLE ON APPROACH
## Footnote
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# Illusions by Phase of Flight
The tendancy to maintain a constant visual approach angle in the day is good technique when there is a horizon for visual reference. At night, there is no horizon a visual reference point and the pilot will will therefore subconsciously use what, which results in the the wrong angles being flown
ANGLE BETEEN APPROACH END AND DEPATURE LIGHTS
## Footnote
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# Illusions by Phase of Flight
At night, the only way to maintain the approach angle is to fly what, and avoid a constant ____° approach
1. VERTICALLY CURVING APPROACH
2. 3°
## Footnote
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# Illusions by Phase of Flight
Complete the missing fields on the following graph;
[Graph](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1unQwOOmOYsSZvC14IeBZYAi4vDPq1Jss/view?usp=share_link)
This is a representation of what
1. 3°
2. CONSTANT VERTICAL ANGLE
3. OBSTACLE CLEARANCE SURFACE
4. CONSTANT VERTIFICAL ANGLE APPROACH TO LEVEL RUNWAY AT NIGHT
[COMPLETED GRAPH](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1A96GjZLPrSNJk6Xl5pp__908S819FPKt/view)
## Footnote
342
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# Illusions by Phase of Flight
Complete the missing fields on the following graph;
[Graph](https://drive.google.com/file/d/12HzFxrO7LbCs5aRkIY2lgpFl8pvcEvgB/view?usp=share_link)
This is a representation of what
1. 3°
2. CONSTANT VERTICAL ANGLE
3. GROUND LEVEL
4. CONSTANT VERTIFICAL ANGLE APPROACH TO UP-SLOPING RUNWAY
[COMPLETED GRAPH](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1E3EIxTxBHQpNUDaBHHH5nF8a9hZMfPoo/view?usp=share_link)
## Footnote
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# Illusions by Phase of Flight
You should ideally avoid a visual approach to a runway at night with dark terrain to avoid the black hole effect, in particular if it a short or upsloping runway. If unavoidable, use ILS, or PAPI or VASI.
If these visual references are unavailable, then the pilot should do what to provide some measure of protection on approach
CONSTANT CROSS REFERENCING BETWEEN DISTANCE TO GO AND ALTIMETER
## Footnote
343
79
# Illusions by Phase of Flight
A missed approach, which is a large and rapid change in speed from slow-flight approach, is the perfect condition what what illusion
SOMATOGRAVIC ILLUSION
## Footnote
The illusion of feeling like you are pitching up or pitching down as a result of acceleration or deceleration is known as what
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80
# Counter measures
Flight in *cloudy, foggy or misty* conditions increase the risk of illusion and what
LOSS OF SPATIAL AWARENESS
## Footnote
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# Counter measures
What should a pilot do as a countermeasure when flying in IMC
USE AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS
## Footnote
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# Counter measures
The best means and sense to overcoming *spatial disorientation* is obtaining what
VISUAL REFERENCES
## Footnote
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# Counter measures
Which body sense is by far the most dominant in establishing spatial orientation
VISUAL
## Footnote
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# Counter measures
On final approach, visual cues lie within an area known as what
VISUAL SEGMENT
## Footnote
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85
# Counter measures
What is the definition of the *visual segment*
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE OF SURFACE VISIBLE TO YOU
## Footnote
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# Counter measures
What is the following a definition of;
*"Horizontal distance of surface visible to you"*
VISUAL SEGMENT
## Footnote
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87
# Counter measures
What is the significance to a pilot of the *visual segment*
SEARCH FOR VISUAL CUES
## Footnote
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# Counter measures
A *LONG or SHORT* visual segment will deprive you of vital visual cues
SHORT
## Footnote
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# Counter measures
A *LONG or SHORT* visual segment will provide an abundance of information
LONG
## Footnote
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90
# Counter measures
What are 2 things the pilot can influence to improve the size of the *visual segment*
1. SITTING HEIGHT
2. AIRCRAFT ATTITUDE
## Footnote
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# Counter measures
How does *sitting height* influence the *visual segment*
IMPROVES FORWARD VIEW OVER COAMING
## Footnote
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# Counter measures
How does *aircraft attitude* influence the *visual segment*
NOSE DOWN ATTITUDE IMPROVES VISUAL SEGMENT SIZE
## Footnote
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# Counter measures
The aircraft attitude and subsequently the influence over the *visual segment* is influenced by what 2 things when coming into land
1. APPROACH SPEED
2. FLAP SETTING
## Footnote
More flap equates to lower nose attitude and larger visual segment.
Low speed requires a higher nose attitude huts reducing the size of the visual segment
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# Visual Search and Mid Air Collisions
Aircraft on a collision course will by definition remain in what position up until the point of collision
CONSTANT ANGLE OF DISPLACEMENT
## Footnote
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# Visual Search and Mid Air Collisions
An aircraft on a collision course remaining at a constant angle of displacement will appear what to the pilot and in what plane of view
1. STATIONARY
2. PERIPHERAL VISION
## Footnote
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96
# Visual Search and Mid Air Collisions
In addition to aircraft appearing stationary in peripheral vision, what is one of the other major dangers associated with airborne collisions
HIGH CLOSURE SPEEDS
## Footnote
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# Visual Search and Mid Air Collisions
What does TCAS stand for
TRAFFIC ALERT AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
## Footnote
350
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# Visual Search and Mid Air Collisions
staring directly out of the flight deck window is not enough to detect aircraft in the vicinity. How does a pilot perform *active visual searching*
MOVE BODY POSITION AND HEAD
## Footnote
Moving body position and moving your head will actively change your peripheral visual field, covering differnt areas of airspace
350
