12. Human Information Processing (5 - 7)

Question 1

Learning

“Relatively permanent changes in behaviour (or potential behaviour) due to past experiences”

This is a defintion of what

Answer 1

LEARNING

382

Question 2

Learning

What is the most basic form of learning which helps as act instinctively

Answer 2

LEARNING BY ASSOCIATION

For example, we associate “hot” with “pain”
We therefore instictively know to avoid putting our hands into a flame

383

Question 3

Learning

What is meant by the term classical conditioning

Answer 3

LEARNING A CERTAIN STIMULUS IS ALWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH ANOTHER EVENT

384

Question 4

Learning

Learning that a certian stimulus is almost always associated with another event is a form of what

Answer 4

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

384

Question 5

Learning

a form of basic learning in which involves voluntary behaviours

Answer 5

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Individual consciously learns to modify their behaviour or develop certain behavrious as it produces a desireable outcome or avoids and undesirable outcome

385

Question 6

Learning

“An individual consciously learning to modify their behaviour or develop certain behaviours as they produce a desireable outcome or avoids an undesireable outcome”

This is the definition fo what sort of learning

Answer 6

OPERANT CONDITIONING

385

Question 7

Learning

“Learning by insight from pieces of knowledge and extrapolating them to new intried situations”

This is the definition of what sort of learning

Answer 7

COGNITIVE LEARNING

386

Question 8

Learning

Cognitive learning involes learning by what

Answer 8

INSIGHT

386

Question 9

Learning

“An individual studies the behaviours and actions of another and models their own behaviours to match”

This is the definition of what sort of learning

Answer 9

IMITATION

387

Question 10

Learning

A type of memory that cannot be consciously recalled, such as riding a bike, or speaking a language

Answer 10

PROCEDURAL MEMORY

387

Question 11

Learning

Procedural memory which involves muscular actions is often referred to as what

Answer 11

MUSCLE MEMORY

387

Question 12

Learning

How well you learn is dependant on what around you

Answer 12

ENVIRONMENT

388

Question 13

Learning

You are less likely to learn if you are what 2 things

Answer 13

PYHSIOLOGICALLY or PSYCHOLOGICALLY STRESSED

388

Question 14

Learning

Reducing physchological stress improves the quality of learning. What is the danger of to little stress

Answer 14

INHIBIT LEARNING
under-aroused

388

Question 15

Learning

What 2 things is effective learning promoted by

Answer 15

ANTICIPATION & PLANNING

388

Question 16

Learning

7 factors that promote learning;

1. ____ : be prepared
2. ____ : naturally excited
3. ____ : good mind
4. ____ : go over it again and again
5. ____ : be awake
6. ____ : be alert
7. ____ : put into practice

Answer 16

1. PLANNING & ANTICIPATION : be prepared
2. INTRINSIC MOTIVATION : naturally excited
3. GOOD MENTAL HEALTH : good mind
4. FREQUENT REHEARSAL : go over it again and again
5. CONSCIOUSNESS : be awake
6. VIGILANCE : be alert
7. PRACTICAL APPLICATION : put into practice

388

Question 17

Skill

What is the purpose of learning

Answer 17

ACQUIRE SKILLS

389

Question 18

Skill

What is the definition of a skill

Answer 18

ACQUIRED EXPERTISE AT A TASK
results in increased accuracy and reduced errors

389

Question 19

Skill

“Acquired expertise at a task which results in increased accuracy and reduced errors”

This is the definition of what

Answer 19

A SKILL

389

Question 20

Skill

The degree of a skill someone has may be described in what 3 ways of carrying out the skill

Answer 20

1. EASE
2. RAPIDITY
3. PRECISION

389

Question 21

Skill

The Adaptive Control of Thought model helps to understand how we acquire skills. The model proposes what 3 interconnected systems;

1. ____ : memory of all knowledge required to perform the skill
2. ____ : series of rules
3. ____ : active information being processed

Answer 21

1. DECLARATIVE MEMORY : memory of all knowledge required to perform the skill
2. PROCEDURAL MEMORY : series of rules
3. WORKING MEMORY : active information being processed

389

Question 22

Skill

An alternative model to the Adaptive Control of Thought model proposes 3 distinct phases as opposed to systems. These phases are;

1. ____ : consciously identifying and developing parts of the skill
2. ____ : linking component parts of a skill into a smooth action
3. ____ : skill becomes automatic

Answer 22

1. COGNITIVE PHASE : consciously identifying and developing parts of the skill
2. ASSOCIATIVE PHASE : linking component parts of a skill into a smooth action
3. AUTONOMOUS PHASE : skill becomes automatic

389

Question 23

Skill

Not praciticing enough will result in a skill always behing held in what phase of the 3 phase learning model

Answer 23

ASSOCIATIVE PHASE

390

Question 24

Skill

4 pieces of information gathered in phases to form a mental schema

1. ____ : starting point
2. ____ : how fast, how high
3. ____ : success or failure
4. ____ : how it felt

Answer 24

1. INITIAL CONDITIONS : starting point
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF REQUIRED ACTION : how fast, how high
3. RESULTS OF ACTION : success or failure
4. SENSORY CONSEQUENCES : how it felt

393

Question 25

# Skill The 4 elements, *(i) initial conditions, (ii) charactersitics required of a required action, (iii) results of the action, and (iv) sensory consequences* are used to construct what 2 types of schema

Answer 25

RECALL and RECOGNITION ## Footnote 393

Question 26

# Skill *"initial conditions and past results are used to generate a motor programme to address a new goal"* This is a definition of which mental schema

Answer 26

RECALL ## Footnote 393

Question 27

# Skill *"based on sensory actions and the outcome"* This is a definition of which mental schema

Answer 27

RECOGNITION ## Footnote 393

Question 28

# Skill What are the 2 phases required in terms of *motor programmes* 1. ____ : requires conscious thought 2. ____ : almost no conscious thought, procedural memory

Answer 28

1. PLANNING PHASE 2. EXECUTION PHASE ## Footnote 393

Question 29

# Skill A *motor programme* is a series of *CONSCIOUS or SUBCONSCIOUS* series of movements tored in what memory which are triggered by *CONSCIOUS or SUBCONSCIOUS* intentions

Answer 29

1. SUBCONSCIOUS 2. PROCEDURAL MEMORY 3. CONSCIOUS INTENTION ## Footnote 394

Question 30

# Skill The name of the model that describes the degree of conscious control exercised by the individual over their activity

Answer 30

RASMUSSENS SKILL, RULE KNOWLEDGE (SRK) MODEL ## Footnote 396

Question 31

# Skill In the SRK model, *knowledge* based tasks are carried out almost completely *CONSCIOUSLY or SUBCONSCIOUSLY* | RASMUSSENS SKILL, RULE KNOWLEDGE (SRK) MODEL

Answer 31

CONSCIOUSLY ## Footnote 396

Question 32

# Skill In the SRK model, *knowledge* based tasks are carried out with *LITTLE or LOTS* of mental effort, and the pilots responses are likely to be *FAST or SLOW* | RASMUSSENS SKILL, RULE KNOWLEDGE (SRK) MODEL

Answer 32

1. LOTS OF MENTAL EFFORT 2. SLOW RESPONSE ## Footnote During the knowledge phase a pilot has to exert considerable mental effor to assess the situation. His responses are likely to be slow and after each control input he has to review its effect before taking further action. 396

Question 33

# Skill In the SRK model, *skill* based tasks are carried out almost completely *CONSCIOUSLY or SUBCONSCIOUSLY* | RASMUSSENS SKILL, RULE KNOWLEDGE (SRK) MODEL

Answer 33

SUBCONSCIOUSLY ## Footnote 397

Question 34

# Skill What is the definition of an *action slip*

Answer 34

PERFORMANCE OF UNINTENDED ACTION ## Footnote 398

Question 35

# Skill The performance of an unintended action is the definition of what

Answer 35

ACTION SLIP ## Footnote 398

Question 36

# Skill An action that is carried out perfectly, but was the wrong action for the occassion is an example of what

Answer 36

ACTION SLIP ## Footnote 398

Question 37

# Motivation, Learning and Performance A word used to describe the initiation, direction and energisation of human behaviour

Answer 37

MOTIVATION ## Footnote 400

Question 38

# Motivation, Learning and Performance *Motivation* describes what 3 characteristics of human behaviour to learn a new skill

Answer 38

1. INITIATION 2. DIRECTION 3. ENERGISATION ## Footnote 400

Question 39

# Motivation, Learning and Performance A ____ individual will learn a skill much faster than an ____ individual

Answer 39

1. MOTIVATED 2. UNMOTIVATED ## Footnote 400

Question 40

# Motivation, Learning and Performance Excessive motivation (trying to hard) can lead to what

Answer 40

SLOWER LEARNING & LOWER PERFORMANCE ## Footnote 400

Question 41

# Motivation, Learning and Performance Motivation is affected by what in relation to a task

Answer 41

DIFFICULTY ## Footnote a skill perceived to be impossible is very demotivating 400

Question 42

# Motivation, Learning and Performance Complete the following graph; [Yerkes-Dodson Law](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wumMYl01Binvzb1DYTUf0C82ozxoRADj/view?usp=drive_link) [ANSWER OPTIONS](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1OTqJU9sf6Z636rXBRx54Q9IsJUvjIcMz/view?usp=drive_link)

Answer 42

1. Hard Task 2. Easy Task 3. Level of performance 4. Level of arousal or anxiety [COMPLETED](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mqCN5JxYmixFi2C7heUddKt4x1BnIz-q/view?usp=drive_link) ## Footnote 400

Question 43

# Motivation, Learning and Performance What does the Yerkes-Dodson model state in terms of performance

Answer 43

OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE achieved with OPTIMUM LEVEL OF STRESS ## Footnote 401

Question 44

# Motivation, Learning and Performance High levels of motivation, anxiety or arousal causes what

Answer 44

NARROWING OF ATTENTION narrows to a point where it becomes selective ## Footnote 401

Question 45

# Motivation, Learning and Performance A feverish determination to continue in the face of all the evidence suggesting you should not i.e. a flight into bad weather

Answer 45

PRESS-ON-ITIS ## Footnote 401