1 - autonomic

Question 1

what are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 1

somatic and autonomic

Question 2

what are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 2

sympathetic, parasympathetic and intrinsic

Question 3

what is the autonomic nervous system (general)

Answer 3

not under direct conscious control

Question 4

what is the somatic nervous system (general)

Answer 4

voluntary, using skeletal muscle

Question 5

what part of the nervous system controls nearly every organ in the body

Answer 5

the autonomic nervous system (para/sympathetic)

Question 6

how can drugs affect the autonomic nervous system

Answer 6

positively-heart disease, resp. disease, GI… lots

negatively- as bad side effects from other drugs

Question 7

where in the spine does the sympathetic nervous system originate

Answer 7

thoracic and lumbar

Question 8

where in the spine does the parasympathetic nervous system originate

Answer 8

cranial and sacral

Question 9

where does the vagus nerve originate from in the spine

Answer 9

cranial

Question 10

what is the autonomic division that is thoracolumbar

Answer 10

sympathetic

Question 11

what is the autonomic division that is cranialsacral

Answer 11

parasympathetic

Question 12

what makes up the intrinsic divisions of the ANS

Answer 12

the enteric nervous system and the intracardiac nervous system

Question 13

what is the enteric nervous system

Answer 13

innervation in the gut, doenst go beyond the gut

Question 14

how can you compare the effects of the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nerves

Answer 14

they exert opposite effects (usually)

Question 15

what do all nerves leaving the CNS use as a neurotransmitter

Answer 15

ACh

Question 16

what happens in the somatic efferent system (neurotransmitters and locations)

Answer 16

ACh released from CNS onto nic receptors onto skeletal muscle

Question 17

what happens in the parasympathetic efferent system (neurotransmitters and locations)

Answer 17

ACh released on Nic receptor, then ACh released on mus receptor

Question 18

what happens in the sympathetic efferent system (neurotransmitters and locations)

Answer 18

pre releases ACh on nic receptor, then post releases NA on most things
but some post release ACh onto mus receptors (sweat glands)
and some release ACh on nic recpetors (adrenal medulla)

Question 19

where do the sympathetic ganglia lie

Answer 19

paravertebral and prevertebral sympathetic chain

Question 20

what is the neurotransmitter used by sympathetic preganglionic fibres
where does it act on

Answer 20

ACh, acts on ganglionic nicotinic receptors (nAChR)

Question 21

what is the neurotransmitter used by sympathetic postganglionic fibres
where does it act on

Answer 21

NA (mainly)

but ACh on sweat glands (mus) and ACh on adrenal medulla (nic)

Question 22

what are chromaffin cells and where are they found

Answer 22

postganglionic sympathetic neurons in the adrenal medulla

Question 23

what do chromaffin cells release

Answer 23

NA

Question 24

are neuropeptides used in the signalling of sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 24

both

Question 25

what does the sympathetic nervous system do to to smooth muscle (+the exception)

Answer 25

causes smooth muscle contraction | but relaxes the gut

Question 26

what does the hypothalamus and medulla do with the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 26

interacts the sensory and the motor side of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 27

what parts of the body interact with the sensory and motor side of the sympathetic nervous systems

Answer 27

the hypothalamus and the medulla

Question 28

what is sympathetic syndrome

Answer 28

the fight or flight discharge or the SNS

Question 29

which nerve is the vagus nerve

Answer 29

the Xth cranial nerve

Question 30

where do parasympathetic ganglia lie

Answer 30

in target tissues

Question 31

what do parasympathetic preganglia use as a neurotransmitter which receptors does it go to

Answer 31

ACh which acts on ganglionic nicotinic receptors (nAChR)

Question 32

what do parasympathetic postganglia use as a neurotransmitter which receptors does it go to

Answer 32

ACh which acts on muscarinic receptors (mAChR)

Question 33

what is parasympathetic syndrome

Answer 33

a lie! not real. it would involve you being dead (heart stope and poop pants)

Question 34

what does the reflex system of parasympathetic nervous system have

Answer 34

``` afferent fibres (idk random bullet point) ```

Question 35

does the hypothalamus & medulla work with both sympathetic and parasympathetic?

Answer 35

yes

Question 36

what makes up the enteric nervous system

Answer 36

myenteric plexus | submucous plexus

Question 37

what does the myenteric plexus do and where is it

Answer 37

buried in muscle of gut, makes the peristaltic movements

Question 38

what does the submucous plexus do and where is it

Answer 38

under the mucous and helps with stomach acid and digestive enzyme secretion

Question 39

does the myenteric plexus or the submucous plexus have more neurons

Answer 39

myenteric plexus

Question 40

what really does the enteric system mean/do (general definition)

Answer 40

endogenous gut neurons involved in peristaltic and secretory reflexes

Question 41

what kind of input is given from sympathetic nerves to the enteric nervous system

Answer 41

inhibitory adrenergic input

Question 42

what kind of input is given from parasympathetic nerves to the enteric nervous system

Answer 42

excitatory cholinergic input

Question 43

what are 4 of the transmitters used in the enteric nervous system

Answer 43

ACh, 5-HT, ATP, neuropeptides

Question 44

draw the structure of acetylcholine

Answer 44

yeet

Question 45

where is acetyl CoA synthesized ?

Answer 45

mitochondria

Question 46

how is choline transported into the nerve terminals

Answer 46

Na+ dependent carrier

Question 47

how is ACh synthesized in the cytoplasm

Answer 47

choline acetyl transferase

Question 48

how is ACh transported into vesicles

Answer 48

antiporter that exchanges ACh for protons

Question 49

what molecule does ACh release depend on?

Answer 49

Ca2+

Question 50

what is Ca2+ influx triggered by

Answer 50

action potential

Question 51

what happens once ACh is released from the neuron

Answer 51

acts on postsynaptic receptors (nicotinic and muscarinic) OR it is decgraded by acetylcholinesterase

Question 52

what enzyme degrades ACH

Answer 52

acetylcholinesterase

Question 53

where does ACh interact with nAChR

Answer 53

in autonomic ganglia or skeletal muscle

Question 54

where does ACh interact with mAChR

Answer 54

visceral targets

Question 55

what does ACh from parasympathetic postganglionic nerves activate

Answer 55

mAChR (muscarinic cholinergic receptors)

Question 56

what kind of structure is mAChR

Answer 56

heptahelical, transmembrane

Question 57

what kind of system does the mAChR receptor follow

Answer 57

G protein coupled

Question 58

what does metabotropic mean

Answer 58

G protein coupled (has 2nd messenger)

Question 59

what G protein messenger system does M1 act through

Answer 59

Gq

Question 60

what G protein messenger system does M3 act through

Answer 60

Gq

Question 61

what G protein messenger system does M2 act through

Answer 61

Gi and Go alpha

Question 62

what is the Gq pathway (3 steps)

Answer 62

phospholipase C turns PIP2 into IP3 and DAG, IP3 gets Ca released from ER, PKC is activated by DAG

Question 63

how does M3 agonist cause vasodilation in endothelial cells

Answer 63

Gq increases Ca++, activates nitric oxide synthase which makes NO whichdiffuses into smooth muscle cells, activates guanylyl cyclase, cGMP generated, relaxes vascular smooth muscle

Question 64

are there cholinergic receptors in endothelial cells that relax blood vessels

Answer 64

no, they are relaxed indirectly via M3 agonists & NO(nitric oxide)

Question 65

what are the steps of Gi (3 things)

Answer 65

adenylyl cyclase is inhibited which reduces cytosolic levels of cAMP -act through beta gamma subunits of Gi and Go to open GIRK channels (K+ leaves, hypopolarization)

Question 66

what are GIRK channels

Answer 66

G-protein coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channels

Question 67

what kind of channels are nAChR

Answer 67

ligand gated ion channels which are Na+/K+ permeable | -depolarization

Question 68

what are nAChR like in the ganglia

Answer 68

excitatory post synaptic potential

Question 69

what are nAChR like in the skeletal muscle (voluntary, like diaphragm)

Answer 69

excitatory junction potential

Question 70

what are the subunits of the nAChR channel

Answer 70

transmembrane | -alpha (1-10), beta (1-4), gamma, delta, epsilon

Question 71

what binds to nAChR ion channels and where

Answer 71

there are 2 ACh binding sites at the interface between alpha subunits

Question 72

whats the difference with ganglionic and neuromuscular nicotinic receptors

Answer 72

the adult muscle (neuromuscular) has alpha 1 and the ganglionic has alpha 3 (not 1)