2-autonomic

Question 1

how is tyrosine transported into the adrenergic terminals

Answer 1

by a Na+ dependent carrier

Question 2

what is tyrosine converted into and how

Answer 2

into DOPA via tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 3

what is the rate limiting step of making dopamine

Answer 3

tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 4

what is DOPA converted to and how

Answer 4

into dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase

Question 5

how is dopamine transported into vesicles

Answer 5

vesicular monoamine transporter

Question 6

what does dopamine get converted into and how

Answer 6

dopamine converted to noradrenaline by dopamine -β- hydroxylase

Question 7

what is fusion of vesicles and NA release dependent on

Answer 7

Ca2+

Question 8

what happens to NA after release (w things)

Answer 8

interacts with β or α receptors

inactivated by diffusion and uptake

Question 9

what are the ways that NA can be uptake

Answer 9

uptake 1- into terminals (where it was origionaly release)

uptake 2-into postsynaptic cells

Question 10

what blocks uptake 1 of adrenergic receptors

Answer 10

cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants

Question 11

what does cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants do

Answer 11

blocks uptake 1 of adrenergic receptors

Question 12

what does monoamine oxidase do

Answer 12

metabolize noradrenaline in mitochondria of nerve terminals

Question 13

what does catechol-o-methyl transferase do

Answer 13

metabolize the catecholamines that were taken up into liver by uptake 2

Question 14

what does catechol-o-methyl transferase do

Answer 14

metabolize the catecholamines that were taken up into liver by uptake 2

Question 15

what metabolizes catecholamines that are taken up in the liver

Answer 15

catechol-o-methyl transferase

Question 16

how are catecholamines taken up into the liver

Answer 16

uptake 2

Question 17

what are adrenoceptors like (2 things)

Answer 17

heptahelical and G protein/metabotropic

Question 18

what kind of ion channel is coupled to adrenoceptors

Answer 18

NONE

Question 19

what activates α-adrenergic re eptors

Answer 19

NA from sympathetic postganglionic nerve

Question 20

where are α1 found

what do they do

Answer 20

postsynaptic adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle

Question 21

where are α2 found

Answer 21

autoreceptors/presynaptic adrenoceptor on nerve terminals

Question 22

what is the role of α2

Answer 22

negative feedback control (autoreceptor)

Question 23

what is the role of α1

Answer 23

contraction and increase BP (they are on smooth muscle)

Question 24

how are β-adrenoceptors activated

Answer 24

NA from sympathetic postganglionic nerves and adrenaline from adrenal gland

Question 25

what does β1 activation do

Answer 25

opens Ca2+ (in heart)

Question 26

what does β2 activation do

Answer 26

relaxes vascular smooth muscle and dilates bronchioles

Question 27

where is β3

Answer 27

adipocytes

Question 28

what do presynaptic β receptors do

Answer 28

increase NA release

Question 29

what are the general cholinergic effects

Answer 29

relaxation of smooth muscle and secretion

Question 30

what are the general adrenergic effects

Answer 30

contraction and inhibition of secretion

Question 31

what are the general effects of cholinergic vs adrenergic

Answer 31

opposite

Question 32

``` how would you pair -muscarinic -adrenoceptors -parasympathetic -sympathetic into pairs based on their similarities ```

Answer 32

muscarinic+parasympathetic adrenoceptor+sympathetic

Question 33

how do the effects of α-adrenoceptors and β-adrenoceptors compare

Answer 33

often exert opposite effects in similar tissues

Question 34

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the heart

Answer 34

increased force and rate of contraction | β1

Question 35

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the blood vessels (skin and spleen)

Answer 35

constriction, α1

Question 36

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the blood vessels (skeletal muscle)

Answer 36

relaxation (more blood and power to muscle) | β2

Question 37

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the lungs

Answer 37

relaxation of bronchiolar smooth muscle, decreased secretion | β2

Question 38

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the intestines

Answer 38

relaxation | β2 α2

Question 39

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the bladder

Answer 39

relaxes wall/contracts sphincter | β2 α1

Question 40

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the eye ciliary muscle

Answer 40

relaxes for far vision | β2

Question 41

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the eye/iris

Answer 41

contracts radial muscle (mydriasis) | α

Question 42

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the skin, pilomotor smooth muscle

Answer 42

contracts (goosebumps) | α

Question 43

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the apocrine (stress)

Answer 43

increases | α

Question 44

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the fat cells

Answer 44

lipolysis | β3

Question 45

what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the kidney

Answer 45

renin release | β1

Question 46

what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the heart

Answer 46

decreased force and rate of contraction | M2

Question 47

what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the blood vessels (skin and spleen)

Answer 47

endothelium-dependent relaxation

Question 48

what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the lungs

Answer 48

contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle, increased secretion

Question 49

what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the intestines

Answer 49

contraction and increased secretion | M3

Question 50

what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the salivary glands

Answer 50

increased secretion | M3

Question 51

what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the bladder

Answer 51

contracts wall/relaxes sphincter | M3

Question 52

what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the eye ciliary muscle

Answer 52

contracts for near vision | M3

Question 53

what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the eye/iris

Answer 53

contracts sphincter muscle (miosis)

Question 54

what is autonomic tone

Answer 54

that most visceral organs receive both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation

Question 55

does parasympathetic or sympathetic have more autonomic tone

Answer 55

para

Question 56

what are the main tissues under sympathetic tone | +the sympathetic role

Answer 56

arterioles and veins (vasoconstrict) spleen (immune response) kidney (renin secretion)

Question 57

what happens with ganglionic or adrenoceptor blockade to arterioles

Answer 57

vasodilation, increased peripheral blood flow, flushing, hypotension

Question 58

what happens with ganglionic or adrenoceptor blockade to veins

Answer 58

vasodilation, pooling of blood, decreased venous return, decreased cardiac output

Question 59

what is the main autonomic tone to heart and why is it beneficial

Answer 59

parasympathetic | -to increase HR, just remove the parasympathetic breaks--> it is easier than trying to wait for sympathetic stimulation

Question 60

what determines how target tissue will respond to systemic administration of muscarinic/cholinergic or adrenergic blocking agents?

Answer 60

whether the tissue is under predominantly sympathetic or parasympathetic tone

Question 61

what is atropine | and some side effects

Answer 61

muscarinic antagonist | so like constipation, tachycardia, dry mouth, urinary retention

Question 62

what does α-adrenoceptor antagonist do to blood flow/vessels and why

Answer 62

produces vasodilation and lowers blood pressure because vessels are usually under adrenergic tone (state of constriction)

Question 63

what is the baroreceptor reflex

Answer 63

decreased aortic BP-decreased baroreceptor activity in carotid sinus, aortic arch lungs and heart send afferent info to nucleus of solitary tract and ventrolateral medulla causes efferent sympathetic outflow increased and decreased parasympathetic outflow from brain this increases HR and BP via vasoconstriction

Question 64

what does high aortic pressure do (baroreceptor reflex pathway)

Answer 64

high pressure, increases baroreceptor discharge, activation of parasympathetic outflow and reduce sympathetic outflow (low HR and vasodilate)

Question 65

how is baroreceptor involved in postural reflex

Answer 65

standing-25% blood goes to legs | reflex triggers increased HR and constriction of vessels in veins