6-autonomic Flashcards by Angelica J

what are autacoids

local hormones, widely distributed in tissues

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what are some autacoids

histamine, serotonin, adenosine, vasoactive peptides, lipid-derived mediators (leukotrienes & prostaglandins), cytokines

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what are vasoactive peptides

involved in neuronal and vascular signalling

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what are some physiological roles of histamine

immediate allergy and inflammation,
gastric secretion,
neurotransmitter

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what are mast cells

mediators of inflammation with contact of antigen

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where in the stomach are enterochromaffin like cells

fundus

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how is stomach acid released

histamine released onto parietal cells

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what cells in the stomach release histamine

enterochromaffin-like cells

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what are some white blood cells that release histamine

basophil granules

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what happens to mast cell when exposed to the appropriate antigen

degranulate (release granular contents, mostly histamine)

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what does insect venom release

histaamine

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what is the triple response of lewis

initial localized red spot, then bright red flare, then wheal

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what causes the triple response of lewis

local vasodilation, axon reflexes (indirect vasodilation, causes spread), edema

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what is neurogeneic inflammation / axon reflex

inflammation that requires the presence of nerve fibres

-nerve impulse double backs and sends signal out to periphery

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what is released in the axon reflex

histamine, substance P, CGRP

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what does CGRP and substance P stimulate

mast cells, so more histamine is released - positive feedback

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what kind of G receptors for H1

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what kind of G receptors for H2

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what does H1 activation on endothelial cells do

NO release to cause vasodilation (similar to M3)

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what are the effects of histamine on nerve endings

powerful stimulant - pain, itch, axon reflex, neurogenic inflammation

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where is histamine a neurotransmitter

in tubermammillary nucleus of hypothalamus

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what does histamine do to arousal

increase

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what kind of interactions does histamine make

with glial cells

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what does histamine do to blood flow

regulate cerebral and peripheral flow

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what do antihistamines do to sleepiness

make you drowzy

what do histamines do to cardiovascular system

vasodilate! redness, warmth, headache edema tachycardia

what causes the vasodilation in the cardiovascular system

H1 nitric oxide mediated effects

what does histamine do to HR

reflex tachycardia

what is edema

seperation of endothelial cells, plasma proteins leak out and fluid follows

what does histamine do to respiratory system

bronchiolar constrictor

which H receptor causes bronchiolar constriction

what does histamine do to gastric acid release

increase

which H receptor causes gastric acid release and where are they

H2 receptor on parietal cells

what do parietal cells do

release stomach acid

how does histamine compare to adrenaline

many of the effects are opposite

what is anaphylaxis

MASSIVE allergic response

what causes anaphylaxis (compounds)

histamine, but lots of other things - inflammatory soup (bradykinin, substance P, serotonin, prostaglandins, cytokines)

what are symptoms of anaphylaxis

hypotension, respiratory difficulty, hives, odema

why are antihistamines not super helpful with anaphylaxis

because there are many more mediators other than histamine

what is the best physiological antagonist to histamine

adrenaline

what kind of agonist or antagonist can impair mast cell degranulation

beta 2 agonists

what does cromolyn do

prevents mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators and histamine -for asthma

what does nedocromil do

prevents mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators and histamine -for asthma

what do older H1 antagonists do

produce sedation, some cause local anesthesia (block Na channel)

what do some older H1 antagonists have as off target effects

anticholinergic, alpha1 and serotonin receptor blocking effects (promiscous)

are H1 antagonists good for asthma or anaphylaxis

noooo | because it is an alpha1 blocker (i think thats why idk)

what are good clinical uses for H1 antagonists

hay fever (allergic rhinitis) sleeping pills motion sickness

why are some H1 antagonists drowzy and others arent

some can and cant get through the BBB

what is diphenhydramine

H1 antagonist, | benadryl, classic antihistamine sedative

what is dimenhydrinate

H1 antagonist, gravol anti-motionsicknes, sedative

what is loratidine

H1 antagonist, | claritin, non sedative antihistamine, seasonal rhinitis

what is the use for H2 antagonists

reduce acid secretion in stomach

what is ranitidine

H2 antagonist, reduce acid in stomach

what is adenosine

cardiac autacoid and neurotransmitter

what does adenosine do to lungs

bronchospasm!!!

what g protein receptor is A1

what g protein receptor is A2

what g protein receptor is A3

what does it mean when i say adenosine is a cardiac autacoid

released locally in heart

what does adenosine do to heart

slows heart rate and vasodilate

what is theophylline

(adenosine antagonist) antagonizes bronchoconstrictor effect of adenosine -used sometimes for asthma

what does caffeine do

antagonist to adenosine, CNS stimulant

what receptors do adenosine antagonists work at

A1, A2, A3

what do adenosine antagonists do to cAMP levels and how

increases it because it inhibits cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase

what happens when you combine beta agonists and adenosine antagonists (cAMP)

increase cAMP levels because beta agonists are Gs and adenosine antagonists inhibit cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase

what does salbutamol do and which receptors

b2 agonist, rescue inhaler (for asthma attacks)

what happens with repeated administration of salbutamol

b2 downregulation

what does ipratropium do and what kind of drug is it

muscarinic antagonist for COPD

how does ipratropium work

helps remove parasympathetic tone so that the lungs can dilate

what does montelukast do

antagonizes leukotriene B4 (prophylactic for asthma)

what do corticosteroids do

anti-inflammatory, for asthma

what does cromolyn do

prevents mast cell degranulation, for asthma

what are biologics and when are they used

interleukin 5 antibodies (to stop it from interacting with its receptor) good for severe asthma

how are biologics given

subcutaneous injection WAHHH