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PMCOL 343 > neuroendocrine control of internal milieu > Flashcards

neuroendocrine control of internal milieu Flashcards

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1
Q

does the anterior pituitary or the posterior pituitary have cells that release hormones

A

anterior

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2
Q

does the anterior pituitary or the posterior pituitary have NO cells that release hormones

A

posterior

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3
Q

does the anterior pituitary or the posterior pituitary receive neuronal projections from the hypothalamus

A

posterior

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4
Q

does the anterior pituitary or the posterior pituitary receive NO neuronal projections from the hypothalamus

A

anterior

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5
Q

where do the cell body neuronal projections to the posterior pit come from

A

hypothalamus

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6
Q

which neurons stem from the hypothalamus

A

peptidergic and dopaminergic

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7
Q

which hormones are released from the posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

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8
Q

what stimulates oxytocin release

A
  • cervial dilation

- suckling at breast

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9
Q

what are the 3 main targets for oxytocin

A

uterus
mammary gland
brain

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10
Q

what does oxytocin do to the uterus

A

smooth muscle contraction

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11
Q

what does oxytocin do to the mammary gland

A

milk ejection

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12
Q

how does oxytocin cause milk ejection from the mammary gland

A

contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding the mamary alveoli

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13
Q

what does oxytocin do to the brain

A

mating & parenting behavrious, love hormone

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14
Q

what does oxytocin do to vessels at high doses

A

vasodilation

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15
Q

does oxytocin cause vasodilation or constriction at high levels

A

vasodilation

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16
Q

what does oxytocin do to the fluid retention

A

weakly antidiuretic

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17
Q

besides the effects of oxytocin to the uterus, mammary gland and brain, what are 2 other things it does

A

vasodilation (high dose)

weak antidiuretic

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18
Q

what are 3 therapeutic uses for oxytocin

A

induce/augment labor
postpartum hemorrhage
induce postpartum lactation

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19
Q

what are 3 reasons that oxytocin would be used to induce are augment labor

A

early vaginal delivery
uterine inertia
incomplete abortion

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20
Q

what is intrauterine growth retardation

A

slow growth rate of unborn fetus due to inadequate placental functions

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21
Q

what is the oxytocin challenge test (like what does it examine)

A

examine how fetus responds to stress during delivery

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22
Q

what does uterine contraction do to blood flow to placenta

A

reduce

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23
Q

how do you test for intrauterine growth retardation

A

use oxytocin to contract uterus (slow blood flow to placenta) to test if there is a lowering in HR (if there is lowering, means there is poor placenta function)

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24
Q

what does a lowered HR mean with the oxytocin challenge test

A

that the placenta is poor functioning

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25
what must happen if the oxytocin challenge test leads to a lowered HR
that they may require cesarean delivery
26
what causes the stimulation of vasopressin (3)
- increased plasma osmolarity - decreased blood volume - drop in BP
27
what is another names for vasopressin
ADH
28
what are 3 main targets/ effects of ADH
cardiovascular renal and pituitary
29
what are 3 different receptor targets of ADH
V1 V2 V3
30
what is the role of V1 receptor activation
smooth muscle contraction (cardio)
31
what is the role of V2 receptor activation + how
blood coagulation | stimulation of platelet aggregation & mobilization of coagulation factors
32
what is the role of V3 receptor activation
stimulates ACTH release
33
what are the 2 cardio effects of ADH
smooth muscle contraction (V1) and blood coagulation (V2)
34
what are the effects of ADH on pit gland
stimulates ACTH release
35
what does ACTH do
stimulates adrenal gland to release corticosteroids
36
what G protein is V1
Gq
37
what G protein is V3
Gq
38
what G protein is V2
Gs
39
what are the effects of vasopressin at the kidneys (3)
- increase water reabsorption (collecting ducts, insert channels) - increase urea reabsorption (collecting ducts) - increase Na+ reabsorption (distal tubules)
40
where does ADH increase water reabsorption
collecting ducts
41
how does ADH increase water reabsorption
inserting water channels
42
where does ADH increase urea reabsorption
collecting ducts
43
where does ADH increase Na+ reabsorption
distal tubules
44
what can ADH be used for therapeutically(2)
``` diabetes insipidus (characterized by large volume of dilute urine) and as a vasocontriction ```
45
why can ADH be used to treat diabetes insipidus
its characterized by large volume of dilute urine
46
what does ADH do to vessels
causes vasoconstriction
47
why can ADH be used therapeutically as a vasoconstriction
prophylaxis against bleeding in haemophilia (tooth extraction)
48
what stimulates melanotrophs
MSH releasing factor
49
where are melanotrophs
in the intermediate lobe
50
which hormone is released from the intermediate lobe
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
51
where is MSH releasing factor released from
hypothalamus
52
what inhibits melanotroph
DA
53
where does DA come from
hypothalamus
54
what are the 3 types of MSD
alpha beta gamma
55
what does alpha-MSH do
anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic
56
how does alpha-MSH work
Gs coupled MC1 and MC3 receptors
57
what does gamma-MSH do
increase BP HR and cerebral blood flow
58
how does gamma-MSH work
Gs coupled MC4 receptors
59
what do melanocytes do
produce melanin (hair and skin colour, reacting to UV)
60
what do melanotrophs do
release MSH (alpha beta gamma)
61
what is melanoma and what causes it
abnormal proliferation of melanocytes due to excessive MSH
62
how are melanocytes activated
binding of alpha-MSH to MC1 receptors (Gs)
63
what are the 5 cell types in the anterior pituitary
``` corticotrophs thyrotrophs gonadotrophs lactotrophs somatotrophs ```
64
what do corticotrophs release
ACTH
65
what does ACTH stand for
adrenocorticotrophic hormone
66
what do thyrotrophs release
thyrotrophin (TSH)
67
where are corticotrophins
anterior pituitary
68
where are thyrotrophs
anterior pituitary
69
where are gonadotrophs
anterior pituitary
70
where are lactotrophs
anterior pituitary
71
where are somatotrophs
anterior pituitary
72
what do gonadotrophins release (what family of hormones)
gonadotrophins
73
what are 2 gonadotrophins
FSH and LH
74
what are 2 hormones that gonadotrophs release
FSH and LH
75
what does FSH stand for
follicle-stimulating hormone
76
what does LH stand for
luteinizing hormone
77
what do lactotrophs release
prolactin
78
what do somatotrophs release
growth hormone GH
79
whats another name for lactotrophs
mammotrophs
80
what causes lactotrophs to release prolactin
prolactin-releasing factors from the hypothalamus (thyrotrophin releasing hormone + oxytocin)
81
which 2 hormones cause lactotrophs to release prolactin
thyrotrophin releasing hormone + oxytocin
82
what are the 2 prolactin-releasing factors
thyrotrophin releasing hormone + oxytocin
83
where are thyrotrophin releasing hormone + oxytocin release ( prolactin-releasing factors)
hypothalamus
84
where does prolactin have its effect
mammary gland
85
what causes the hypothalamus to release prolactin-releasing factors
suckling reflex on berries
86
what is the prolactin-inhibitory facotir
dopamine
87
where does dopamine do its action in the prolactin pathway
inhibits lactotrophs
88
where does estrogen do its action in the prolactin pathway
onto lactotrophs and prolactin
89
what does estrogen do in the prolactin pathway
increase the proliferation of lactotrophs
90
what does DA do to prolactin secretion
reduce
91
what does estrogen do to prolactin secretion
increase
92
how does estrogen increase prolactin secretion
it increases the proliferation of lactorophs
93
what 2 things does prolactin do to the mammary gland
- stimulates milk production | - stimulates proliferation & differentiation of mammary gland tissue during pregnancy
94
what are 3 targets for prolactin
mammary gland pituitary gland ovary
95
what does prolactin do to the pituitary gland
inhibits gonadotrophin release
96
what does prolactin do to gonadotrophin release
inhibits
97
what does prolactin do to the ovaries
decreases the response to gonadotrophins
98
what is the result of prolactin decreasing the ovary's response to gonadotrophins
inhibits ovulation during breast feeding
99
what happens to ovulation during breast feeding and why
prolactin decreases the responses to gonadotrophins in the ovary
100
what would be a class of drug that inhibits prolactin secretion
D2 receptor agonist
101
where are D2 receptors in the prolactin pathway
on lactotrophs
102
what happens when D2 agonists bind to the D2 receptor
there is a decrease in prolactin release
103
what are 2 therapeutic reasons to use a D2 receptor agonist
- hyperprolactinemia (infertility, hypogonadism, breast tenderness) - prolactinomas (decrease tumor size and plasma prolactin levels)
104
what causes the hypothalamus to release GHRH and GHRP
stress exercise deep sleep
105
what does the hypothalamus release to start the growth hormone pathway
GHRH and GHRP
106
what does GHRH stand for
growth hormone releasing hormone
107
what does GHRP stand for
growth hormone releasing peptide
108
who releases GHRH and GHRP
hypothalamus
109
where does GHRH and GHRP act
on the somatotrophs
110
what activates the somatotrophs to release GH
GHRH and GHRP
111
what do the somatotrophs release
GH
112
where does GH act positively
on the liver
113
what happens when GH acts on the liver
it releases IGF-1
114
what acts as negative feedback on the hypothalamus in the GH pathway
GH
115
what acts as negative feedback on the somatotrophs in the GH pathway
IGF-1 and somatostatin
116
what does somatostatin do to the GH pathway
They act negatively on somatotrophs to reduce GH release
117
what does IGF-1 stand for
insulin-like growth factor
118
what are 2 things that IGF-1 do (2 places it acts)
``` inhibits somatotrophs (stop releasing GH) activates somatostatin (to inhibits somatotrphs) ```
119
what are 2 things that GH do (2 places it acts)
``` activates liver (to release IGF-1) inhibits hypothalamus (stop releasing GHRH and GHRH) ```
120
what are 3 things the hypothalamus releases in the GH pathway
GHRH GHRP somatostatin
121
which 2 things activate/ cause somatostain release
hypothalamus (it releases it) | IGF-1 (increases its release)
122
what is the source of growth hormone
recombinant human growth hormone
123
what does GH do to the liver
causes it to produces IGF-1
124
what does GH do to bones
causes longitudinal bone growth
125
what does GH do to muscle
amino acid uptake + protein synthesis (especially in skeletal muscle)
126
what are 2 things that can happen with too much GH
``` gigantism = in children acromegaly = in adults ```
127
what is the difference with gigantism and acromegaly
``` gigantism = in children acromegaly = in adults ```
128
what happens in acromegaly (Visual)
enlargement of facial structures, hands and feet
129
what can be 3 therapeutic uses of GH
- pituitary dwarfism - short stature in Turner's syndrome - adult GH deficiency
130
what is pituitary dwarfism
GH deficiency in children
131
why can GH be used in turners syndrome
there is an associated short stature
132
what can cause adult GH deficiency
damage to hypothalamus or pituitary
133
what are 3 symptoms of adult GH deficency
obesity, reduced muscle mass, lack of energy

PMCOL 343 (31 decks)

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