animal models-1

Question 1

what did descartes think of animals

Answer 1

that their behaviour can be reduced to simple reflex actions

Question 2

who thought of “automate”

Answer 2

animal behaviours can be reduced to simple reflex actions

Question 3

did descartes compare animals to humans

Answer 3

no

Question 4

what did descartes think of humans (2)

Answer 4

we are gods creations

we are superior

Question 5

what is scala naturae

Answer 5

the great chain of being, continuum from “lower” forms of matter to “higher” forms of matter (plants-cold blooded-lower forms of life-animals-man-spiritual world)

Question 6

what does religion say about scala naturae

Answer 6

that is doesnt exist, we are diff to animal kingdom

Question 7

which 2 people thought of the theory of evolution and natural section

Answer 7

charles darwin and alfred wallace

Question 8

what did darwin think of huamns

Answer 8

that they descended from animals

Question 9

what did darwin think about habits

Answer 9

they habits are learned, not inherited

Question 10

what did darwin think about instincts

Answer 10

that you inherit them, not learn

Question 11

did descartes think that animals have minds

Answer 11

no

Question 12

what did sir charles sherrington think

Answer 12

animals act without mind, no evidenced of thought, feeling or perception

Question 13

what did Wundt think

Answer 13

basic sensation such as fear may parallel human basic sensations

Question 14

what did Holmes think

Answer 14

basic sensation such as fear may parallel human basic sensations

Question 15

what did pavlov discover

Answer 15

that animals can have perception, memory and organized thought (dog experiments)

Question 16

what is associated with the ability to have emotions

Answer 16

the ability to have abstract thought

Question 17

what does an animal model represent

Answer 17

an attempt by the experimenter to imitate certain aspects of a clinical condition

Question 18

what is McKinney’s 4 criteria for validating animal models???!!!

Answer 18

1. similarity of inducing condition
2. similarity of the behavioural state induced
3. similarity of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms
4. similarity of clinically effective treatments

Question 19

what does the “similarity of inducing condition” mean in McKinneys 4 criteria

Answer 19

that they administer morphine (for example) to get tolerance and addiction like humans, they make the same inducing conditions

Question 20

what does the “similarity of the behavioural state induced” mean in McKinneys 4 criteria

Answer 20

you want to make sure you see similar behaviours with the animal compared to human (like pain, or addiction)

Question 21

what does the “ similarity of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms” mean in McKinneys 4 criteria

Answer 21

that there is a similar neurochemistry between the animal and human, like in withdrawal

Question 22

what does the “similarity of clinically effective treatments” mean in McKinneys 4 criteria

Answer 22

that drugs that help humans also help animals

Question 23

what 3 things drive rats’ behaviour

Answer 23

hunger thirst and the need to breed

Question 24

what breed of rat did the lab rat come from

Answer 24

the Wild Norway Rat - came to north america in ships

Question 25

what did they do with albino rats in the old days

Answer 25

trap them, bred in captivity for novelty and kept for bets

Question 26

what is the vision of the wistar rat

Answer 26

bad

Question 27

what were the first laboratory rats

Answer 27

the "pet" albino rats in european labs, then they were brough to USA for testing, became WISTAR

Question 28

what is the Long-Evans strain of rats

Answer 28

female Wistars mated with wild male

Question 29

does the long-evans have good vision

Answer 29

yes

Question 30

what is the hooded rat

Answer 30

albino and wild rat cross

Question 31

does the hooded rat have good vision

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

what is the Sprague-Dawley rat

Answer 32

mated hooded rat to a female wistar

Question 33

does the sprague-dawley rat of good vision

Answer 33

no

Question 34

which rat is the one most commonly used today

Answer 34

sprague-dawley

Question 35

which strains are good for behavioural experiments and why

Answer 35

long evans and hooded because they have good eyesight

Question 36

what are 3 kinds of primates

Answer 36

rhesus monkeys, chimpanzees, marsomets

Question 37

what are rhesus monkeys like for research

Answer 37

curious manipulative and high cognitive skills-but dangerous

Question 38

what are chimpanzees like for research

Answer 38

highly intelligent, not allowed to be used anymore

Question 39

what are marsomets like for research

Answer 39

small and easy to train for minor tasks

Question 40

what is the independent variable

Answer 40

the variable being manipulated

Question 41

which variable is the amount of drug/type

Answer 41

manipulated/independent variable

Question 42

do all wistar rats do the same thing

Answer 42

no

Question 43

what is another name for the independent variable

Answer 43

manipulated variable

Question 44

what is another name for the manipulated variable

Answer 44

independent variable

Question 45

what is the dependent variable

Answer 45

the observed event (what can be measured)

Question 46

what is a double-blind study for human trials

Answer 46

when neither the subjects nor researchers know what conditions the subjects are in, or the drug administered

Question 47

what 2 things does a double-blind study reduce

Answer 47

placebo effect and bias (subject and experimental bias)

Question 48

does a double-blind study eliminate subject and experimenter bias

Answer 48

no but it reduces it

Question 49

what are the 3 groups in the 3 group design

Answer 49

1-experimental drug being tested 2-placebo/vehicle control 3-established drug with a known therapeutic effect

Question 50

what question do you ask when you compare the experimental drug vs. placebo

Answer 50

does the new drug cause any improvement?

Question 51

what question do you ask when you compare the established drug s. placebo

Answer 51

were the research methods sensitive enough to detect improvement?

Question 52

what question do you ask when you compare the experimental drug vs. established drug

Answer 52

does the new drug have any advantage over the old drug?

Question 53

what is unconditioned behaviour

Answer 53

the unlearned behaviour, reflexes

Question 54

what is conditioned behaviour (2 main types with other names too)

Answer 54

respondent/classical/pavlovian operant/instrumental

Question 55

what is another name for respondent behaviour (2)

Answer 55

classical | pavlovian

Question 56

what is another name for pavlovian behaviour (2)

Answer 56

classical | respondent

Question 57

what is another name for classical behaviour (2)

Answer 57

pavlovian | respondent

Question 58

what is another name for operant behaviour

Answer 58

instrumental

Question 59

what is another name for instrumental behaviour

Answer 59

operant

Question 60

which pavlovs dog, what is the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 60

food

Question 61

which pavlovs dog, what is the unconditioned response

Answer 61

salivation

Question 62

which pavlovs dog, what is the conditioned stimulus

Answer 62

bell

Question 63

which pavlovs dog, what is the conditioned response

Answer 63

salivation

Question 64

which pavlovs dog, what is the food

Answer 64

unconditioned stimulus

Question 65

which pavlovs dog, what is the bell

Answer 65

conditioned stimulus

Question 66

which pavlovs dog, what is the salivation

Answer 66

unconditioned and conditioned response

Question 67

what kind of chamber is the Skinner box

Answer 67

operant conditioning chamber

Question 68

how does the skinner box get the desired response from the animal

Answer 68

they deliver reinforcers

Question 69

which behaviour does the skinner box reinfoce

Answer 69

behaviour that is close to the target behaviour

Question 70

which behaviour does the skinner box punish

Answer 70

wrong response

Question 71

what kind of conditioned behaviour does the skinner box do

Answer 71

operant

Question 72

what does the likelihood of a behaviour recurring depend on in the skinner box

Answer 72

whether its being reinforced or punished

Question 73

what is reinforcement

Answer 73

things that strenghten the response or makes it more likely that it will occur

Question 74

what is punishment

Answer 74

something that weakens the response or makes it less likely to occur

Question 75

what are 4 basic principles of the skinner box

Answer 75

- rats can be trained - reinforcers can be + (food) - reinforcers can be - (shock) - rats can discriminate cues (light, smells)