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PMCOL 343 > 3- autonomic > Flashcards

3- autonomic Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 choline esters

A

acetylcholine
carbachol
bethanechol

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2
Q

how are choline esters absorbed in the GI tract

A

poorly

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3
Q

what is the main effect of muscarinic agonists

A

parasympathomimetic (stimulates the parasympathetic system)

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4
Q

what is the main effect of nicotinic agonists

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic effects in autonomic ganglia and skeletal muscle

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5
Q

is ACh nicotinic or muscarinic

A

both

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6
Q

is carbachol nicotinic or muscarinic

A

both

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7
Q

is bethanecol nicotinic or muscarinic

A

muscarinic

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8
Q

what makes carbachol and bethanecol different from ACh

A

they are not hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase

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9
Q

what are 3 muscarinic agonists

A

muscarine
oxotremorine
pilocarpine

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10
Q

what is acetylcholine

A

a choline ester

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11
Q

what is carbachol

A

a choline ester

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12
Q

what is bethanechol

A

a choline ester

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13
Q

what is muscarine

A

muscarinic agonist

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14
Q

what is oxotremorine

A

muscarinic agonist

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15
Q

what is pilocarpine

A

muscarinic agonist

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16
Q

what are the main effects of muscarinic agonist

A

parasympathomimetic

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17
Q

what do muscarinic agonists do to the cardiovascular system

A

slow HR, decrease force&rate of contraction

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18
Q

what do muscarinic agonists do to endothelium

A

the muscarinic receptors in the endothelium that cause release of NO that causes relaxation

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19
Q

when does ACh not cause relaxation in the endothelium

A

when the endothelium is not intact

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20
Q

what do muscarinic agonists do to the respiratory system

A

contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle, increased secretion of mucous

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21
Q

why can muscarinic agonists be bad for asthmatics

A

lots of mucous and bronchiole contraction makes respiration less efficient

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22
Q

what do muscarinic agonists do to the GI tract

A

increases saliva and stomach acid secretion, motility and peristalsis

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23
Q

what does muscarinic agonists do to the bladder

A

stimulates detrusor muscle, relaxes trigone and internal sphincter (promotes voiding)

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24
Q

what are the CNS effects of nicotine

A

mild stimulation, can cause emesis, coma at high doses

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25
does nAChR stimulate the sympathetic or the parasympathetic branch
both of them
26
what does nicotine do to the cardiovascular system
hypertension
27
is nicotines cardio effect parasympathetic or sympathetic
sympathetic
28
is nicotines GI effect parasympathetic or sympathetic
parasympathetic
29
what does nicotine do to the GI system
increase secretion and motility
30
what are the skeletal muscle effects of nicotine
depolarization and excitation | -it can cause a small twitch or even a strong contraction of a whole muscle
31
what do anticholinesterases do to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
indirectly stimulate by preventing hydrolysis of ACh
32
what is edrophonium
a simple alcohol anticholinesterase
33
what is neostigmine
carbamic esters of alcohols with quaternary or tertiary ammonium group -an anticholinesterases
34
what is malathion
insecticide anticholinesterase | organophosphate
35
what is soman
nerve gas anticholinesterase organophosphate
36
are anticholinesterases well absorbed in the body
yes, via skin gut lung and conjuctiva
37
what effects are anticholinesterases similar to
direct acting cholinergic agonists
38
what would anticholinesterases do to respiration
constrict bronchiole, increase secretion (they are like cholinergic agonists which are like parasympathetic agonists)
39
what would anticholinesterases do to gut
increase motility | they are like cholinergic agonists which are like parasympathetic agonists
40
what would anticholinesterases do to heart
slow heart rate, decreased cardiac output | they are like cholinergic agonists which are like parasympathetic agonists
41
what do anticholinesterases do to neuromuscular transmission
increase strength of contraction -can lead to depolarizing neuromuscular blockade
42
what is depolarizing neuromuscular blockade
when neurons are chronically stimulated and depolarized to the point that they cannot make and AP
43
what happens to the body in nerve gas / insecticide poisoning
cardiac arrest, fluid in lungs, bronchioconstriction, blockage of respiratory muscle contraction
44
what drug can be used to limit the effects of nerve gas
atropine
45
what are 4 conditions that cholinomimetics work well for
glaucoma urinary retention postoperative ileus myasthenia gravis
46
what are cholinomimetics
muscarinic agonist or anticholinesterases
47
what causes myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disease with decreased nAChR expression at neuromuscular junction
48
what are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis
weakness, fatigue, difficulty opening eyes, respiration
49
how would you treat myasthenia gravis
anticholinesterases
50
what are 3 neuromuscular blockers (nicotinic antagonists)
succinylcholine D-tubocurarine α-bungarotoxin
51
what is succinylcholine
nicotinic antagonist/neuromuscular blocker, used for paralysis during surgery
52
what is D-tubocurarine
poison in blow darts, curari
53
what is α-bungarotoxin
protein in snake venom which causes paralysis
54
what is atropine
muscarinic antagonist
55
what causes parkinsons
excess cholinergic activity | lack of dopamine activity
56
how can atropine help with parkinsons
because antimuscarinics can help control with parkinsons tremors (lessens ACH cause parkinsons has excess)
57
what is scopolamine (drug class)
muscarinic antagonist
58
what can scopolamine treat
vestibular disturbances (motion sickness) -muscarinic antagonist
59
what do muscarinic antagonists do to cardiovascular system and why
drug like atropine would stop the parasympathetic breaks-increases HR, force of contraction
60
what do muscarinic antagonists do to respiratory system and why
slight bronchodilation and decreased secretion (block of parasympathetic tone)
61
what is ipratropium and what is it used for
muscarinic antagonist | COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
62
what are directly acting sympathomimetics (definition)
α or β adrenoceptor agonists
63
what are directly acting sympathomimetics (examples)
adrenaline noradrenaline isoproterenol
64
what are indirectly acting sympathomimetics (definition+examples)
displace stored catecholamines from vesicles (amphetamines) | inhibit catecholamine reuptake (cocaine + TCAs)
65
what do alpha receptors have highest and lowest affinity for
A>=N>>I | adrenaline stronger than noradrenaline thaaan isoproterenol
66
what do beta receptors have highest and lowest affinity for
I>A>=N | isoproterenol then adrenaline than noradrenaline
67
how to remember beta and alpha affinities
``` aggressive ANI (alpha) beaten IAN (beta) ```
68
what is vasomotor reversal
given adrenaline, BP goes up | given adrenaline with antagonist , BP goes down :0
69
what affinity do β1 receptors have for A vs NA
equal
70
what affinity do β2 receptors have for A vs NA
higher affinity for A than NA
71
what does prazosin do
blocks α1 adrenoceptors
72
what does yohibine do
blocks α2 adrenoceptors
73
are α or β receptors more sensitive to agonists
β are more sensitive to agonists
74
what is phenylephrine
α1 agonist (nasal decongestion)
75
what is clonidine
α2 agonist
76
what is isoproterenol (INA)
all β agonist
77
what is dobutamine
β1 agonist
78
what is salbutamol
β2 agonist (asthma puffer)
79
what is phentolamine
all α antagonist
80
what is prazosin
α1 antagonist
81
what is yohimbine
α2 antagonist
82
what is propanolol
allβ antagonist
83
what is metoprolol
β1 antagonist
84
what g protein pathway for α1 receptors
Gq
85
if α1 and M3 are both Gq, why do they have opposing effects on vascular smooth muscle?
M3 relax via receptors on endothelial cells that cause eventual NO release α1 receptors are directly smooth muscle and cause it to contract
86
what G pathway for α2 receptors
Gi
87
what G pathway for β receptors
Gs
88
what happens in Gq
PLC increase IP3 and DAG
89
what happens in Gi
adenylyl cyclase is inhibited so less cAMP is made
90
what happens in Gs
adenylyl cyclase is activated so more cAMP is made
91
what does α1 do to blood vessels
vasoconstrict
92
what does α2 do to blood vessels
vasoconstrict
93
what does β do to blood vessels
vasodilate
94
how to remember G protein types for α1, α2, β | and blood vessel effect
goes q,i,s like "kiss" nervous nervous relaaaxed vasoconstrict, vasoconstrict, vasodilate

PMCOL 343 (31 decks)

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