1: Intro to Living systems

Question 1

Characteristics of organisms

Answer 1

1. Highly organized
2. Have genetic program
3. Grow and develop
4. Respond to stimuli
5. Maintain homeostasis
6. Process energy
7. Reproduce
8. Adapt to their environment

Question 2

organic compounds that are more complex than on living molecules

Answer 2

macromolecules

Question 3

correspondence between the DNA sequence and the amino acid sequence in proteins

Answer 3

genetic code

Question 4

ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions

Answer 4

homeostasis

Question 5

all the essential biochemical processes in a cell that maintain life

Answer 5

metabolism

Question 6

passing on of traits from parents to offspring

Answer 6

heredity

Question 7

production of differences among traits across individuals

Answer 7

variation

Question 8

characteristics of animals

Answer 8

• multicellular eukaryotes
• lack cell walls
• heterotrophic
• most are motile

Question 9

animals with tissue level organization or higher

Answer 9

eumetazoans

Question 10

4 macromolecules

Answer 10

• carbohydrates
• proteins
• lipids
• nucleic acids

Question 11

structural elements, chemical energy sources; most abundant organic substances

Answer 11

carbohydrates

Question 12

3 classes of carbohydrates

Answer 12

• monosaccharides
• disaccharides
• polysaccharides

Question 13

monomer; simple sugars; single carbon molecule chain
(glucose, galactose, fructose)

Answer 13

monosaccharides

Question 14

monosaccharide; key organic compound
typically forms a chain but forms a cyclic compound in water

Answer 14

glucose

Question 15

formed by bonding two simple sugars; shared oxygen molecule between the two sugars
(sucrose, lactose, maltose)

Answer 15

disaccharides

Question 15

polymers of monosaccharides; usually of glucose
(starch, chitin, glycogen, cellulose)

Answer 15

polysaccharides

Question 15

important structural component of arthropod exoskeletons

Answer 15

chitin

Question 16

fats/fatlike substances; low polarity; insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
(triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids)

Answer 16

lipids

Question 16

stores sugar in animals

Answer 16

glycogen

Question 17

“true fats”
energy storage in animals
composed of glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules

Answer 17

triglycerides

Question 18

• every carbon in fatty acid chain contains 2 H atoms
• solid at room temp
• more common in animals

Answer 18

saturated fats

Question 19

• 2/more carbons double bonded
• liquid at room temp
• more common in plant oils

Answer 19

unsaturated fats

Question 20

• glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphoric acid
• components of the molecular organization of tissues
• amphiphilic

Answer 20

phospholipids

Question 21

• complex alcohols
• structurally unlike fats
• have fatlike properties
  (cholesterol, vitamin D3, testosterone, estrogen)

Answer 21

steroids

Question 22

- composed of amino acids linked in one/more chains - linker: peptide bonds

Answer 22

proteins

Question 23

group covalently linked to amino group in proteins

Answer 23

carboxyl

Question 24

protein structure: sequence of amino acids

Answer 24

primary structure

Question 25

protein structure: recurring structural patterns in amino acid chain formed by varying bond angles

Answer 25

secondary structure

Question 25

protein structure: complex & stable 3D structure formed by the bends and folds

Answer 25

tertiary structure

Question 26

protein structure: proteins w more than one polypeptide chain

Answer 26

quaternary structure

Question 27

biological catalysts required for various chemical reactions in organism

Answer 27

enzymes

Question 28

complex molecules made up of nucleotides; encodes genetic info needed; contains sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

Answer 28

nucleic acids

Question 29

purines:

Answer 29

adenine, guanine

Question 30

double stranded, antiparallel; stores genetic info

Answer 30

DNA

Question 30

pyrimidines:

Answer 30

cytosine, thymine, uracil

Question 31

single-stranded; has uracil instead of thymine

Answer 31

RNA

Question 32

3 steps of central dogma

Answer 32

replication, transcription, translation

Question 33

DNA copies by DNA polymerase Result: each daughter cell receives identical DNA strands Loc: nucleus

Answer 33

replication

Question 34

RNA polymerase transcribes triplet codes into mRNA strand Loc: Nucleus

Answer 34

Transcription

Question 34

each triplet code corresponding to a specific amino acid

Answer 34

codon

Question 35

ribosomes move along mRNA and tRNA adds amino acid that corresponds to codon Loc: Ribosomes

Answer 35

translation

Question 36

hypothetical conditions of early earth:

Answer 36

- lots of water - chemically reducing atmosphere - low amounts of molecular oxygen

Question 37

Organic molecules were synthesized from abiotic chemical reactions

Answer 37

chemical evolution

Question 38

evolutionary changes of major magnitude and consequence

Answer 38

major evolutionary transitions