2: Animal Development

Question 1

production of new individuals w/o fusion of gametes

Answer 1

asexual reproduction

Question 2

• unequal division of organism
• new individuals detach after dev
• prominent among cnidarians

Answer 2

budding

Question 3

formation of a new individual from an aggregation of cells surrounded by a capsule (common in sponges)

Answer 3

gemmulation

Question 4

“virgin birth”
dev of embryo from an unfertilized egg/ embryo where gametes failed to unite during fertilization

Answer 4

parthenogenesis

Question 5

type of parthenogenesis:
- eggs formed by mitotic division
- occurs in some flatworms, rotifers, crustaceans, insects

Answer 5

diploid parthenogenesis

Question 6

type of parthenogenesis:
- haploid ovum formed by meiosis
(may/not be activated by sperm)

Answer 6

meiotic parthenogenesis

Question 7

animal in north america composed of entirely female populations; reproduce via meiotic parthenogenesis

Answer 7

whiptail lizards

Question 8

reproduction through fusion of gametes; produced via meiosis (typically 2 individuals)

Answer 8

sexual reproduction

Question 9

type of sexual rep: sexes are separate

Answer 9

dioecious

Question 10

type of sexual reproduction: individuals have both male and female reproductive organs

Answer 10

monoecious

Question 11

• female gamete
• nonmotile/large
• source of cytoplasm, nutrients for zygote
• produced in smaller numbers

Answer 11

ovum (egg)

Question 12

• male gamete
• small/ motile
• produced in larger numbers
• genetic material is highly condensed

Answer 12

spermatozoon (sperm)

Question 13

• union of egg + sperm
• egg activate, begins dev
• results in diploid zygote

Answer 13

fertilization

Question 14

• early development
• orderly series of mitotic divisions
• number of cells inc; mass same

Answer 14

cleavage

Question 15

smaller cells result of cleavage in early dev

Answer 15

blastomeres

Question 16

zygote’s visible axis: yolk-rich end

Answer 16

vegetal pole

Question 17

zygote’s visible axis: mostly cytoplasm w minimal yolk

Answer 17

animal pole

Question 18

types of eggs based on yolk placement: minimal yolk distributed evenly

Answer 18

isolecithal

Question 19

types of eggs based on yolk placement: moderate amount of yolk at vegetal pole

Answer 19

mesolecithal

Question 20

types of eggs based on yolk placement: large amount of yolk at vegetal pole

Answer 20

telolecithal

Question 21

types of eggs based on yolk placement: large amount of yolk at center

Answer 21

centrolecithal

Question 22

types of cleavage based on yolk amount: large amounts of yolk present; cleavage incomplete

Answer 22

meroblastic cleaveage

Question 23

types of cleavage based on yolk amount: small amount of yolk; cleavage complete

Answer 23

holoblastic cleavage

Question 24

type of holoblastic cleavage:
embryonic cells arranged in radial symmetry around animal-vegetal axis

Answer 24

radial cleavage

Question 25

type of holoblastic cleavage: blastomeres cleave at ~45 degree angles to the animal-vegetal axis

Answer 25

spiral cleavage

Question 26

type of holoblastic cleavage: cleavage plane in one blastomere is rotated 90 degrees to other blastomere (seen in mammals)

Answer 26

rotational cleavage

Question 27

type of meroblastic cleavage: cleavage confined to small cytoplasmic disc above yolk

Answer 27

discoidal cleavage

Question 28

type of meroblastic cleavage: cleavage restricted to cytoplasmic rim of egg due to centrally located yolk

Answer 28

superficial cleavage

Question 29

hollow cluster of cells

Answer 29

blastula

Question 30

fluid filled cavity in blastula

Answer 30

blastocoel

Question 31

formation of multi layered embryo from blastula thru rearranging of blastomeres

Answer 31

gastrulation

Question 32

- result of invagination in gastrulation - internal pouch - "primitive gut" - becomes animal's digestive tract later on

Answer 32

archenteron

Question 33

opening of archenteron

Answer 33

blastopore

Question 34

in ___, the blastopore becomes the mouth

Answer 34

protostomes

Question 35

in ___, the blastopore becomes the anus

Answer 35

deuterostomes

Question 36

tissue layer that gives rise to specific organs and tissues; result of gastrulation

Answer 36

germ layers

Question 37

where animals only have the ectoderm and endoderm

Answer 37

dipoblastic

Question 38

where animals have all 3 germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)

Answer 38

tripoblastic

Question 39

body cavity completely surrounded by the mesoderm - cushioning/ protection of gut - hydrostatic skeleton in soft-bodied animals

Answer 39

coelom

Question 40

animals that lack coelom

Answer 40

acoelomate

Question 41

body cavity partially surrounded by mesoderm

Answer 41

pseudocoelom

Question 42

coelom is formed by the mesoderm spitting; how coelom is formed in coelomate protostomes

Answer 42

schizocoely

Question 43

sides of archenteron push outward, produce pouch-like compartment which pinches off; how coelom is formed in deuterostomes

Answer 43

enterocoely

Question 44

mesoderm cells are deposited along the outer edge of the blastocoel in _______

Answer 44

pseudocoelomate protostomes

Question 45

formation of organs from the different germ layers

Answer 45

organogenesis

Question 46

sequence of 180 DNA base pairs that regulate embryonic development

Answer 46

homeobox

Question 47

subset of homeobox genes that determine the animal's body pain such as segmentation, limb formation, head-tail directionality

Answer 47

hox genes

Question 48

layer that gives rise to skin and nervous system

Answer 48

ectoderm

Question 49

layer that gives rise to notochord, muscular system, circulatory system, urinary/reproductive organs

Answer 49

mesoderm

Question 50

gives rise to gut lining, urinary bladder, respiratory tract/pharynx, liver, pancreas

Answer 50

endoderm

Question 51

forms above the notochord, eventually folding in on itself and forming neural tube

Answer 51

neural plate

Question 52

cells that give rise to the nerves

Answer 52

neural crest