3: Darwinian Evolution

Question 1

gradual change at the genetic level of populations over the course of several generations

Answer 1

evolution

Question 2

occurs when new species arise from common ancestors via descent w modification

Answer 2

speciation

Question 3

Charles Darwin’s 2 things guide biological research to this day

Answer 3

theory of evolution, chromosomal theory of inheritance

Question 4

he proposed evolution through inheritance of acquired characteristics

Answer 4

jean-baptiste lamarck

Question 5

organisms acquire adaptations and pass them onto their offspring

Answer 5

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 6

____ is transformational: organisms transform their characteristics by use and disuse of body parts

Answer 6

lamarckism

Question 7

est the principle of uniformitarianism; concluded earth age must be hundreds of millions of years

Answer 7

charles lyell

Question 8

darwim observed the similarities between the plants and animals of the ______ islands & south america

Answer 8

galapagos

Question 9

5 theories of darwinian evolution:

Answer 9

• perpetual change
• common descent
• multiplication of species
• gradualism
• natural selection

Question 10

the living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling, but is always changing; hereditary continuity is observed from past to present life

Answer 10

perpetual change

Question 11

shows hereditary continuity and enviro changes throughout history of life

Answer 11

fossil record

Question 12

all organisms share a common ancestor

Answer 12

common descent

Question 13

evolutionary history of organisms

Answer 13

phylogeny

Question 14

characters/character states that share the same evolutionary origin; show common descent

Answer 14

homologies

Question 15

A ______ of groups w/in groups supports a history of phylogenetic bracketing (based on suits of similar homologies)

Answer 15

nested hierarchy

Question 16

development of an organisms thru its entire life (recapitulates phylogeny)

Answer 16

ontogeny

Question 17

change in timing of developmental events

Answer 17

heterochrony

Question 18

change in physical location of a developmental process

Answer 18

heterotropy

Question 19

genetic variation w/in a species provides the material from which new species arise

Answer 19

multiplication of species

Question 20

states that a species is a reproductive community of populations occupying a specific niche

Answer 20

biological species concept

Question 21

biological features that prevent interbreeding between species

Answer 21

reproductive barriers

Question 22

reproductive barrier: impair fertilization

Answer 22

prezygotic

Question 23

reproductive barrier: impair development, survival, reproductive capability

Answer 23

postzygotic

Question 24

populations of one species occupying separate geographical areas

Answer 24

allopatric

Question 25

occurs when the separated populations evolve independently and develop reproductive barriers

Answer 25

allopatric speciation

Question 26

geological or climate change separates populations

Answer 26

vicariance

Question 27

small number of individuals disperse to a distant region w no members of that species

Answer 27

founder event

Question 28

occurs when individuals w/in a species specialize to occupy different niches w/in the same habitat

Answer 28

sympatric speciations

Question 29

evolution of several ecologically diverse species from a common ancestor (many different species arise in short period)

Answer 29

adaptive radiation

Question 30

large phenotypic differences between species only occur through the accumulation of smaller changes over time

Answer 30

gradualism

Question 31

states that new traits are established in a population by increasing their frequency

Answer 31

population gradualism

Question 32

states that new traits are produced over small incremental changes over hundreds to thousands of generations

Answer 32

phenotypic gradualism

Question 33

states that phenotypic evolution is concentrated in short events of branching speciation followed by longer intervals of morphological stability

Answer 33

punctuated equilibrium

Question 34

the major process by which evolution occurs in Darwin's theory

Answer 34

natural selection

Question 35

observation 1- all populations produce large numbers of gametes and offspring each generation; population increases exponentially

Answer 35

organisms have great potential fertility

Question 36

observation 2- no natural populations show continued exponential growth

Answer 36

natural populations mostly remain constant in size

Question 37

observation 3- exponential growth of a natural population would require unlimited resources to provide food and habitat

Answer 37

natural resources are limited

Question 38

observation 4- no two individuals are exactly the same even w/in populations

Answer 38

populations show variation among organisms

Question 39

observation 5- offspring resemble their parents (darwin didn't understand mechanisms of inheritance)

Answer 39

some variation is heritable

Question 40

inference 1- overpopulation leads to more severe struggles; small part survive each generation

Answer 40

members of a population undergo a continuing struggle to exist

Question 41

inference 2- traits that confer an advantage to survival allow organisms to live longer and pass those traits onto their offspring

Answer 41

varying organisms show differential survival and reproduction favoring advantageous traits

Question 42

inference 3- propagation of favorable traits transforms species; natural selection leads to speciation

Answer 42

over many generations, natural selection generates new adaptations and new species

Question 43

refers to the ability of an organism to survive to reproductive age and produce offspring; depends on its suitability to its enviro

Answer 43

fitness

Question 44

species where white morph (f. typica) was more common in pre-industrial England, but black morph (f. carbonaria)became common during the industrial revolution

Answer 44

peppered moth (biston betularia)

Question 45

2 steps of natural selection

Answer 45

1. mutation is random 2. survival of different traits is nonrandom

Question 46

- chemicophysical changes that affect the sequence of nucleotides in DNA - can be passed on - ultimate source of new genetic variation - doesn't prefer advantageous traits

Answer 46

mutations

Question 47

differential survival and reproduction among varying organisms

Answer 47

sorting