3: Modern Evolutionary Theory and Systematics

Question 1

darwins main weakness

Answer 1

inability to identify mechanisms of inheritance

Question 2

alternative forms of a gene

Answer 2

allele

Question 3

combination of alleles (hereditary types)

Answer 3

genotype

Question 4

visible characteristics of an organism

Answer 4

phenotype

Question 5

3 mendelian laws of inheritance

Answer 5

• law of dominance
• law of segregation
• law of independent assortment

Question 6

mendelian law: in a heterozygote, one allele would mask the phenotype of the other

Answer 6

law of dominance

Question 7

allele expressed in both homozygous and heterozygous individuals

Answer 7

dominant allele

Question 8

allele only expressed if the individual is homozygous for that allele

Answer 8

recessive

Question 9

mendelian law: paired alleles that specify alternative phenotypes separate so each gamete receives only one allele

Answer 9

law of segregation

Question 10

mendelian law: genes found on different pairs of homologous chromosomes assort independently during meiosis

Answer 10

law of independent assortment

Question 11

some genes that don’t follow mendelian laws
(ex: multiple alleles, sex-linked inheritance)

Answer 11

non-mendelian inheritance

Question 12

study of genetic change occurring within natural populations

Answer 12

microevolution

Question 13

occurence of different forms of an allele in a population

Answer 13

polymorphism

Question 14

all alleles of all genes possessed by members of a population

Answer 14

gene pool

Question 15

measures the relative frequencies of different alleles in a population

Answer 15

population genetics

Question 16

random fluctuation in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

Answer 16

genetic drift

Question 17

movement of alleles between populations via migration

Answer 17

gene flow

Question 18

describes large scale events in evolution

Answer 18

macroevolution

Question 19

encompasses the differential survival and multiplication of species based on variation among lineages

Answer 19

species selection

Question 20

selection where mass extinctions may select for different characteristics from those that were common during non extinction events

Answer 20

catastrophic species selection

Question 21

science of classificaiton

Answer 21

taxonomy

Question 22

first person to group organisms based on their shared morphological features

Answer 22

aristotle

Question 23

created the first unified system for classifying animals and plants through morphology

Answer 23

carolous linnaeus

Question 24

major groups of orgnisms

Answer 24

taxa

Question 25

main taxonomin ranks

Answer 25

domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species

Question 26

commonly used criteria among species concepts:

Answer 26

- common descent - smallest distinct groupings - reproductive community

Question 27

species present over large geographic ranges

Answer 27

cosmopolitan species

Question 28

species concept: refers to a species as an interbreeding population

Answer 28

biological species concept

Question 29

species concept: defines species by fixed, essential features

Answer 29

morphological species concept

Question 30

species concept: defines species as a lineage of ancestor-descent populations that maintains its identity

Answer 30

evolutionary species concept

Question 31

species concept: defines species as an irreducible group of organisms distinct from others and w a parental pattern of ancestry and descent

Answer 31

phylogenetic species concept

Question 32

3 deuterostomes (other phyla are protostomes)

Answer 32

chordata, echinodermata, hemichordata

Question 33

2 subdivisions of protostomes

Answer 33

ecdysozoa lophotrochozoa

Question 34

protostome: consists of phyla that shed their outer body surface (ecdysis)

Answer 34

ecdysozoa

Question 35

protostome: consists of phyla w either a lophophore or a trochophore

Answer 35

lophotrochozoa

Question 36

feeding structure in lophotrochozoa

Answer 36

lophophore

Question 37

larval form in lophotrochozoa

Answer 37

trochophore