1: Animal Cells and the Cell Cycle

Question 1

selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer

Answer 1

plasma membrane

Question 2

added or removed to change flexibility in plasma membrane

Answer 2

cholesterol

Question 3

facilitate transport of polar molecules/ions/serve as receptors

Answer 3

glycoproteins

Question 4

system of microtubules and microfilaments that provide structural support and facilitate movement

Answer 4

Cytoskeleton

Question 5

facilitate cellular locomotion
(actin, myosin)

Answer 5

microfilaments

Question 6

facilitate the movement of molecules and organelles through the cytoplasm and mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Answer 6

microtubules

Question 7

folds cells together and resist cell stretching

Answer 7

intermediate filaments

Question 8

filament sizes (smallest to largest):

Answer 8

microfilaments < intermediate filaments < microtubules

Question 9

microtubule organizing center found near nucleus; contain pair of centrioles made up of microtubules used in cell division

Answer 9

centrosome

Question 10

• holds cell’s DNA
• surrounded by double membrane nuclear envelope w pores
• site of DNA replication and transcription

Answer 10

Nucleus

Question 11

• site of cellular respiration
• produce ATP to fuel cell
• possess a small genome w functions restricted to mitochondrion

Answer 11

mitochondria

Question 12

• modifies proteins
• synthesizes lipids w/in nucleus

Answer 12

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

modifies proteins synthesized by ribosomes

Answer 13

rough ER

Question 14

lacks ribosomes; synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids

Answer 14

smooth ER

Question 15

• site of protein synthesis
• found w/in cytoplasm
• can be attached to rough ER

Answer 15

ribosomes

Question 16

• digest/break down materials in the cell
• destroy pathogens

Answer 16

lysosomes

Question 17

• oxidize/break down fatty acids, amino acids
• detoxify toxic molecules

Answer 17

peroxisomes

Question 18

transport, package, distribute lipids and proteins throughout cell

Answer 18

golgi apparatus

Question 19

• motile extensions of cell surface
• used for cell locomotion/sweeping materials past cell

Answer 19

cilia and flagella

Question 20

• extended cytoplasmic processes that facilitate amoeboid movement
• can be used to engulf materials/ other cells

Answer 20

pseudopodia

Question 21

3 methods of transport

Answer 21

diffusion, mediated trasport, endocytosis

Question 22

type of transport:
- passive movement from an area of higher conc to lower conc
- may occur through membrane or gated ion channels

Answer 22

diffusion

Question 23

type of transport:
molecules move through membrane w aid of transporter/carrier protein

Answer 23

carrier mediated

Question 24

type of transport:
ingestion of material by the cell

Answer 24

endocytosis

Question 25

3 types of endocytosis

Answer 25

pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 26

- nuclear division of chromosomes/ somatic cells - results in 2 diploid daughter cells

Answer 26

mitosis

Question 27

- division of cytoplasm - usually follows mitosis

Answer 27

cytokinesis

Question 28

nuclear division of sex cells

Answer 28

meiosis

Question 29

- phase where cells are not actively dividing - DNA replication and protein/RNA synthesis occur - takes up majority of cell cycle

Answer 29

interphase

Question 30

- preparation for DNA replication - tRNA, ribosomes, mRNA, enzymes synthesized

Answer 30

G1 phase

Question 31

- DNA replication occurs - typically lasts 6 hours in mammalian cells

Answer 31

S phase

Question 32

- preparation for cell division - spindle and aster proteins are synthesized

Answer 32

G2 phase

Question 33

- centrosomes, centrioles replicate + migrate to opposite poles - nuclear envelope disintegrates - spindle formed via microtubule assembly - chromatin condenses to chromosomes

Answer 33

prophase

Question 34

form from microtubules binding to kinetochores by radiating from the centrosome

Answer 34

asters

Question 35

region in the middle of nuclear area

Answer 35

metaphase plate

Question 36

condensed sister chromatids move to metaphase plate

Answer 36

metaphase

Question 37

- cohesin proteins removed - kinetochore microtubules pull chromosomes to opposite poles - cell elongates

Answer 37

anaphase

Question 38

- daughter chromosomes crowded tgt - microtubules disassembled - chromosomes become chromatin again - nuclear envelope reforms

Answer 38

telophase

Question 39

- cleavage furrow appears by actin binding proteins - infolding edges meet/fuse = 2 separate cells

Answer 39

cytokinesis

Question 40

- 2 successive mitotic divisions - genetic material is replicated once followed by 2 rounds of division - result: 4 haploid daughter cells

Answer 40

meiosis

Question 41

- homologous chromosomes paired (synapsis) = bivalents - crossing over occurs

Answer 41

prophase 1

Question 42

when nonsister homologous chromosomes exchange segments

Answer 42

crossing over

Question 43

- bivalents align at metaphase plate - random alignment

Answer 43

metaphase 1

Question 44

bivalents move to opposite poles

Answer 44

anaphase 1

Question 45

- separated chromosomes at opposite poles - = one of each homologous pair in each daughter cell

Answer 45

telophase 1

Question 46

occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate

Answer 46

nondisjunction

Question 47

the addition or deletion of sets of chromosomes

Answer 47

aneuploidy

Question 48

enzymes that mediate during transitions between phases

Answer 48

cyclin-dependent kinases

Question 49

protein subunits that activate cdk's

Answer 49

cyclins

Question 50

- programmed cell death - occurs when damage from oxidizing agents accumulates - necessary to maintain health

Answer 50

apoptosis

Question 51

earliest organisms

Answer 51

anaerobic prokaryotes

Question 52

what introduced oxygen into the atmosphere

Answer 52

evolution of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria

Question 53

earliest life may have existed as early as...

Answer 53

3.5 GYA

Question 54

first great increase of oxygen was...

Answer 54

2.4 GYA

Question 55

theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from aerobic and photosynthetic bacteria living w/in larger cell

Answer 55

endosymbiosis