1: Pathology 1

Question 1

What is a common parasitic infection of the bladder?

Answer 1

Schistosomiasis

Question 2

People with chronic pyelonephritis produce a large volume of hypotonic urine - why?

Answer 2

Renal failure

Question 3

Urethral obstruction is more common in (males/females).

Answer 3

males

Question 4

Why can infection cause glomerulonephritis?

Answer 4

Triggers autoimmune response

Question 5

Why are females more likely to develop UTIs than males?

Answer 5

SHORTER, WIDER urethra

Question 6

What kind of necrosis is seen in the kidney in TB pyelonephritis?

What type of inflammation is seen?

How can you diagnose it on biopsy?

Answer 6

Caseous necrosis

Chronic granulomatous inflammation

ZN stain for acid-fast bacilli

Question 7

What are common causes of hydronephrosis?

Answer 7

Same as obstruction

plus vesico-ureteric reflux

Question 8

What are the symptoms of TB pyelonephritis?

Answer 8

Weight loss

Fever

Loin pain

Dysuria

Question 9

What organisms can cause cystitis?

Answer 9

E. coli

Klebsiella

Proteus

Pseudomonas

Question 10

What is a congenital disease which can cause urethral obstruction?

Answer 10

Posterior urethral valves

Question 11

What is a classic renal sign of TB pyelonephritis?

Answer 11

Sterile pyuria

Pus in urine

Question 12

What are the two broad categories of nephritis?

Answer 12

Glomerulonephritis

Pyelonephritis

Question 13

What is seen on biopsy of someone with acute pyelonephritis?

Answer 13

Neutrophils

Question 14

Which muscle can hypertrophy to cause urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 14

Detrusor

Question 15

How does tuberculosis spread?

Answer 15

Haematogenously

Question 16

What do glomeruli look like chronic pyelonephritis?

Answer 16

Diffuse sclerosis

Question 17

How can pyelonephritis be acquired?

Answer 17

UTI

Sepsis

Post-surgery

Question 18

Schistosomiasis infection of the bladder predisposes you to which disease?

Answer 18

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 19

Does acute urinary tract obstruction cause hydronephrosis?

Answer 19

No, not enough time for dilatation (which is the definition of it)

Question 20

What are some common causes of urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 20

Calculi

Compression - malignancy, prostate

Strictures

Question 21

What is the appearance of the

a) renal cortex
b) glomeruli

in chronic pyelonephritis?

Answer 21

a) Scarred

b) Sclerosis

Question 22

What is cystitis?

Answer 22

Bacterial inflammation of the bladder

Question 23

Apart from urinary tract obstruction, what other disease can cause hydronephrosis?

Answer 23

Vesico-ureteric reflux

Question 24

What is the commonest cause of pyelonephritis?

Answer 24

E. coli infection

Question 25

What is **pyelonephro**_sis_**** usually secondary to?

Answer 25

**Pyelonephritis** **Hydronephrosis** (\> secondary infection of a kidney filled with static fluid)

Question 26

What is seen on biopsy of someone with **chronic pyelonephritis**?

Answer 26

**Cortical scarring**

Question 27

What structural changes occur in a bladder which is distally obstructed?

Answer 27

**Detrusor hypertrophy** **Thickening of bladder wall** **Diverticulae**

Question 28

What is **cystitis cystica**?

Answer 28

Protrusion of cysts into lumen of bladder, seen in cystitis

Question 29

What is infection of the testicle called?

Answer 29

**Orchitis**

Question 30

What disease does untreated urinary tract obstruction cause?

Answer 30

**Hydronephrosis**

Question 31

What are risk factors for UTI?

Answer 31

**Pregnancy** - ureter dilates **Surgery** **Urinary tract obstruction** - calculi, compression **Reflux** **Diabetes**

Question 32

What specific change occurs in **hydronephrosis**?

Answer 32

**Dilatation of calyces**

Question 33

Where can renal calculi settle and grow?

Answer 33

**Diverticulae**

Question 34

What is **pus** in the kidneys called?

Answer 34

**Pyelonephro**_sis_****

Question 35

UTIs are more common in **(males / females).**

Answer 35

**females**

Question 36

What are some consequences of **chronic pyelonephritis**?

Answer 36

**Renal failure** e.g hypertension, oedema, uraemia, all them symptoms

Question 37

What organisms are known to cause pyelonephritis?

Answer 37

***E. coli*** **Pseudomonas** **Enterococcus faecalis**

Question 38

In which group of patients is **vesico-ureteric reflux** common?

Answer 38

**Young girls**

Question 39

Most types of glomerulonephritis are **(focal / diffuse)**.

Answer 39

**diffuse** Affecting \> 50% of glomeruli

Question 40

What tends to cause **glomerulonephritis**?

Answer 40

**Autoimmunity**

Question 41

Which granulomatous disease can affect the kidneys? What is this called?

Answer 41

**TB** **Tuberculous pyelonephritis**

Question 42

What is **pyelonephritis**?

Answer 42

**Bacterial infection of renal tubules and interstitium, causing inflammation**