Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Renal Week 3 2017/18 > 9: Urological malignancies > Flashcards

9: Urological malignancies Flashcards

(57 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Which tumours can be found in the renal pelvis?

A

TCC (urothelium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an embryonic renal tumour found in children?

A

Nephroblastoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What incidental scan often picks up renal tumours?

A

Ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What benign tumour is extremely common?

A

Renal cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What scans are used to view renal cysts?

A

Ultrasound

CT scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When may benign renal cysts be treated?

A

Symptomatic - if they are causing pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are benign tumours associated with tuberous sclerosis?

A

Angiomyolipomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are angiomyolipomas made up of?

A

Blood vessels and fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the main investigation for angiomyolipomas?

Why?

A

CT

Fat content is very distinctive on CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a life-threatening complication of angiomyolipomas?

A

Haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are ruptured angiomyolipomas treated?

A

Embolisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What benign renal tumour presents with a distinctive central scar?

A

Oncocytoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do

a) renal cysts
b) angiomyolipomas
c) oncocytomas

look like on imaging?

A

a) Fluid filled

b) Fatty

c) Centrally scarred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the classic triad of symptoms seen in malignant renal tumours?

A

Loin pain

Abdominal mass

Haematuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What paraneoplastic symptoms are seen alongside RCC?

A

Weight loss

Anaemia

Hypertension

Hypercalcaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

(Males / females) tend to get RCC.

A

Males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two appearances of RCC?

A

Clear cell

Papillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What genetic syndrome causes loads of cysts in different organs?

A

Von-Hippel Lindau syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the mode of inheritance of VHL syndrome?

A

Autosomal dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In a young person with renal cell carcinoma, suspect what?

A

Von Hippel Lindau syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is RCC investigated?

A

Ultrasound

CT scan +/- contrast

Renal biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why do renal tumours cause bleeding?

A

Angiogenesis produces crap vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What staging system is used for RCC?

24
Q

Where do RCCs tend to spread?

25
Depending on the stage of the tumour, how is RCC treated?
**Full nephrectomy** (adrenal left unless it is affected) for advanced tumours **Partial nephrectomy** for local tumours **Thermal ablation** for tiny tumours or patients with one kidney or patients who can't withstand surgery
26
How are **small** renal masses usually picked up?
**Incidental finding on USS**
27
Many surgeries are carried out for renal tumours which turn out to be \_\_\_.
**benign**
28
How are patients with **metastatic renal cancer** managed?
**Supportively** +/- adjuvant drugs like tyrosine kinase inhibitors
29
As the stage of a cancer increases, its prognosis \_\_\_.
**decreases**
30
What is the most common **pre-malignant** lesion of the penis?
**Balanitis xerotica obliterans**
31
What does **balanitis xerotic obliterans** look like?
**Scarring of the foreskin**
32
How is **BXO** treated?
**Circumcision** and/or **Dorsal slit**
33
What can BXO spread to affect?
**Urethra** **Glans** so management may require work on these two
34
What is the **malignant tumour** which affects the penis?
**Squamous cell carcinoma**
35
What names are given to **squamous cell carcinoma-in situ** of the penis?
**Erythroplasia of Queryat** (glans, shaft) **Bowen's disease** (everything else) chronic inflammation of the squamous epithelium
36
What are the a) pre-malignant b) in-situ c) invasive forms of penile cancer?
**a) BXO** **b) Erythroplasia of Queryat, Bowen's disease** **c) Squamous cell carcinoma**
37
What does **squamous cell carcinoma** of the penis look like?
**Red, raised, fungating** **mass**
38
Which virus strains are involved in SCC of the penis?
**HPV types 16 and 18**
39
How is **SCC** of the penis staged?
**TNM staging**
40
Apart from the local parts of the penis and scrotum, where else can **penile cancer** spread?
**Inguinal lymph nodes**
41
How is **penile cancer** treated?
**Surgery** (penectomy) **Inguinal lymphadenectomy** or **Palliative** (e.g radiotherapy for those with advanced cancer, those who can't withstand surgery)
42
What is the difference between a total and partial penectomy?
**Partial** - external urethral orifice preserved **Total** - patient has to void through a stoma
43
What are the most common **testicular tumours**?
**Germ cell tumours**
44
What are the two important types of germ cell tumour?
**Seminoma** **Teratoma**
45
How do **testicular tumours** present? Are they **painful**?
**Testicular swelling** Painless
46
How does **metastatic testicular cancer** present?
**Signs of systemic invasion** SOB Lymphadenopathy
47
What is the gold standard investigation for **testicular cancer**?
**USS**
48
What are some **markers** of **testicular cancer**?
**AFP** **HCG** **LDH**
49
Which **marker** is **not** produced by seminomas?
**AFP**
50
Which tumours produce **AFP, hCG** and **LDH**?
**a) Teratomas** **b) Seminomas and teratomas** **c) Seminomas and teratomas** So AFP seems to be the way to tell them apart
51
How is **testicular cancer** treated?
**Orchidectomy** removal of testicle some cancers also respond to **radiotherapy**
52
Where is the testicle removed in **orchidectomy**?
**From the groin** so you can look at lymphatics simultaneously
53
What congenital problem massively increases your chances of developing testicular cancer?
**Undescended testes**
54
Men of what age tend to get testicular cancer?
**20 - 35 years old**
55
Each type of testicular cancer has a different ___ in case of metastasis.
**treatment**
56
Which lymph nodes do **testicular cancers** spread to?
**Lumbar nodes** In the abdomen, due to the embryological origin of testes
57
Which specialty deals with the treatment of metastatic testicular cancer?
**Oncology**

Renal Week 3 2017/18 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions