Public Health - Gender, Family & Culture

Question 1

Avg life-expectancy in low-income countries

Answer 1

62 yrs

Question 2

Avg life-expectancy in high income countries

Answer 2

81 yrs

Question 3

What is where we live a key determinant of

Answer 3

Life expectancy

In Africa, almost 50% of people die aged 0-14 yrs

Question 4

Categories for cause of disease and death

Answer 4

Infectious diseases
Non-communicable diseases
Injuries and other

Question 5

Infectious diseases as a cause of disease and death

Answer 5

Characterised by being infectious and transmittable from person to person e.g., SARS, Ebola

Question 6

NCDs as a cause of disease and death

Answer 6

Sometimes called chronic disease
Non-infectious – usually diseases of long duration and generally slow progression e.g., heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes

Question 7

Injuries and others as a cause of disease and death

Answer 7

Unintentional or intentional injuries and other causes (drowning, suicide)

Question 8

Traditional risks for shorter life expectancy

Answer 8

Mainly associated with infectious disease:
Undernutrition 
Unsafe sex
Poor sanitation and hygiene 
Indoor smoke from solid fuels

Question 9

Modern risks for shorter life expectancy

Answer 9

Lifestyle related risks mostly repsonsible for NCDs
Smoking 
Alcohol
Poor diet 
Physical inactivity

Question 10

The world in an epidemiological transition

Answer 10

As countries increase their level of development, early death and disability from infectious diseases are declining and life expectancies are rising

Question 11

What causes the epidemiological transition

Answer 11

Improvements in medical care
Public health intervention
The ageing of the population size there mostly affected by NCDs

Question 12

Inverse care law

Answer 12

The principle that the availability of good medical or social care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served

Question 13

Ethnicity

Answer 13

A form of collective identity that draws on notions of shared ancestry, cultural commonality, geographical origins, and shared biological features

Question 14

Health needs of ethnic minority groups: key indicators

Answer 14

Mental ill-health
Cancer
Maternal & child health

Question 15

Mental ill-health in ethnic minority groups

Answer 15

Higher rates of admission to psychiatric hospitals with a dx of psychotic illness for Black Caribbean & Black African people
Higher rates of suicide among young women born in South Asia, particularly India

Question 16

Cancer in ethnic minorty groups

Answer 16

Variation in cancer incidence e.g., Liver cancer higher amongst asians
Variations in stage at dx e.g., breast cancer, Black women more likely to be diagnosed at late stage compared with White women

Question 17

Ethnic variation in health-relatyed practices

Answer 17

Smoking rates
Alcohol
Physical activity
Healthy eating processes

Question 18

Ethnic variations in smoking rates

Answer 18

Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Irish men have particularly high rates of smoking

Question 19

Ethnic variations in alcohol rates

Answer 19

Non-white minority ethnic groups have higher rates of abstinence & lower levels of frequent, heavy drinking

Question 20

Ethnic variations in physical activity an participation in sports

Answer 20

Lower among South Asian groups than 0ther ethnic groups

Question 21

Viewing barriers to healthcare

Answer 21

Organisation level of the barriers
General barriers to the BAME population
Spp barriers in spp ethnicities

Question 22

General barriers to the healthcare amongst the BAME population

Answer 22

Racism and discrimination 
Language and translation 
Lack of cultural competency 
Immigration polices 
Research 
Lack of understanding to navigate the healthcare system 
Stigma 
Isolation 
Not having responses taken seriously

Question 23

Spp barriers in spp ethnicities

Answer 23

Difficult accessing resources
Current management to spp conditions
Mental Health Act 2007 use for detainment