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MBBS - Year 1 > Intro to Anatomy and Embryology > Flashcards

Intro to Anatomy and Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Midline

A

Line between left and right

Also called sagittal plane

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2
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

Line between mid-line and edge of body

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3
Q

Horizontal plane

A

Divided top and bottom half of body

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4
Q

Coronal plane

A

Divides front and back portions of the body

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5
Q

Superior

A

Towards the head

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6
Q

Inferior

A

Towards feet

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7
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the midline

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8
Q

Lateral

A

Further from the midline

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9
Q

Anterior

A

Front of body

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10
Q

Posterior

A

Back of body

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11
Q

Proximal

A

Used when describing limbs, closer to hand or foot

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12
Q

Distal

A

Used when describing limbs, closer to hand or foot

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13
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to surface of body e.g. skin

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14
Q

Deep

A

Closer to bones

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15
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A

Provides support for soft tissues
Protects our internal organs
Aids body movement

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16
Q

Joint

A

When a bone meets another bone, they form an articulation

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17
Q

Main types of joints

A

Bony
Fibrous
Cartilginous
Synovial

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18
Q

Bony joints

A

Bones are connected by bones e.g 3 bones of the pelvis

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19
Q

Fibrous

A

Bones connected by fibres e.g bones of the skull

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20
Q

Cartilganous

A

Bones connected by cartilage

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21
Q

Foramen

A

A hole in a bone

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22
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow depression or crater

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23
Q

Spine

A

Sharp, raised region

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24
Q

Tuberosity, tubercle, trochanter

A

Raised bump for an attachment of muscles or ligaments

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25
Q

Two groups of veins

A

Deep

Superficial

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26
Q

Deep veins

A

Generally follows course of arteries and have same name - run in ipp. directions

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27
Q

Superficial veins

A

Much more variable than deep veins

Blood in the veins MUST drain into deep veins before returning to the heart

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28
Q

Neurovascular bundle

A

When a nerve, artery and vein all supply the same structure and therefore travel together

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29
Q

Latin terminology

A 
Longus - long muscle 
Rectus  - straight muscle 
Cep - muscle belly/ head e.g. triceps, bicep 
Brevis -short 
Magnus - large
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30
Q

Muscle compartments in the lower limb

A 
Anterior thigh 
Medial thigh 
Anterior leg 
Lateral leg 
Inferior Gluteal 
Superior gluteal  
Posterior thigh 
Posterior leg - superficial 
Posterior leg - deep
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31
Q

How are muscles separated into groups

A

By fascia

Along w/ their blood and nerve supply

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32
Q

Common muscle actions of the anterior thigh

A

Flexion of hip

Extension of knee

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33
Q

Muscle actions of the sartorius

A

Flexion of the knee

Lateral rotation of hip

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34
Q

Muscle actions of vastus medalis

A

Medial deviation of the kneecap

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35
Q

Muscle actions of the medial thigh

A

Adduction of hip

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36
Q

Nerve supply of the medial thigh

A

Obturator nerve

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37
Q

Muscle actions of anterior leg

A

Extension of ankle

Extension of toes

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38
Q

Nerve supplies of the anterior leg

A

Deep peroneal nerve

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39
Q

Muscle actions of the superior gluteal compartment

A

Abduction of hip

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40
Q

Nerve supplies of the superior gluteal compartment

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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41
Q

Muscle actions of inferior gluteal nerve

A

Extension of hip

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42
Q

Nerve supplies of inferior gluteal nerve

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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43
Q

Muscle actions of lateral leg

A

Eversion of ankle

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44
Q

Nerve supplies of lateral leg

A

Superficial peroneal nerve

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45
Q

Muscle actions of posterior thigh

A

Extension of hip

Flexion of knee

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46
Q

Nerve supplies of posterior thigh

A

Tibial nerve

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47
Q

Muscle actions of posterior leg (superficial)

A

Flexion of ankle

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48
Q

Muscle actions of posterior leg (deep)

A

Flexion of toes

Flexion of ankle

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49
Q

Nerve supplies of posterior leg (superficial)

A

Tibial nerve

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50
Q

Nerve supplies of posterior leg (deep)

A

Tibial nerve

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51
Q

Week 1 of early development

A

Fertilisation to implantation

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52
Q

Week 2 of early development

A

Bilaminar Germ disc
Amniotic cavity
Primary yolk sac

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53
Q

Week 3 of early development

A

Gastrulation

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54
Q

Gastrulation

A 
Trilaminar Germ Disc 
Primitive Streak 
Notochord 
Neural tube 
Body Axes/ Growth of embryonic disc
Determination of mesodermal elements
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55
Q

Weeks 3-8 of early development

A 
Neurulation 
Development of:
Somites --> skeleton 
Intraembryononic coelom 
Primitive cardiovascular system 
All major organs
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56
Q

Neurulation

A

Development of the nervous system

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57
Q

Intraembryonic coelom

A

Body cavities

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58
Q

Weeks 8 - birth of early development

A

Foetal period
Maturation tissues and organs as they aren’t all fully functional
Rapid growth of the foetal body

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59
Q

Induction

A

One group of cells and tissues (inducer) cause another group of cells and tissues to change their fate (responder) e.g epithelium - mesenchymal interaction

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60
Q

Cell signalling involved in early development

A

Signal transduction
Paraxrine interactions
Juxtacrine

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61
Q

Signal transduction

A

Signal molecules (ligand) and a receptor

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62
Q

Paracrine interactions

A

Protein diffusion between cells, paracrine factors or growth and differentiation factors and neurotransmitters

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63
Q

Juxtacrine

A

Non-diffucible factors

Cell’s surface ligands or direct cell-to-cell communication

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64
Q

Where do the spermatozoon and ovum make contact

A

In the ampulla (12-24 hrs after ovulation)

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65
Q

Fertilisation to implantation

A

Two-cell zygote cleaves —> morula
Ingress of fluid inside forces cells to migrate to poles –> blastocyst cavity, embeds itself into wall
Blastocyst forms
Uterine secretory phase

66
Q

Blastocyst

A

2 cell layers formed from cells that migrated and implanatation
Inner cell mass - embrypblast
Outer cell mass - trophoblast

67
Q

Bilaminar disc

A

Two cell layers in the inner cell mass
Epiblast - high columnar cell
Hypoblast - cuboidal cell

68
Q

Processes in week 2 of early development

A

Bilaminar disc
Formation of primary yolk sac and amniotic cavity
Cyotrophoblast and synciotrophoblast form
Chorionic activity and plate form
Deblopmnet of uterplacental circulations
Connecting stalk - primitive umbilical cord
Formation of secondary yolk sac

69
Q

Uteroplacental circulation

A

By 3rd week diffusion can no longer supply needs of the developing embryo Formation of primitive blood vessels

70
Q

Where does the trilaminar disc originate from

A

Epiblast as well as notochord

71
Q

Invagination of some epiblast mesenchyme cells

A

Formation of endoderm from hypoblast @ day 14/15
Mesoderm formed in between @ day 16
Epiblast cells remaining on surface - ectoderm

72
Q

Mesodermal elements

A

Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral mesoderm (somatic and splanchnic)

73
Q

Neural crest cells migrate to

A

Contribute to tissues and organs incl craniofacial skeleton

74
Q

What do neural crest cells form

A

Dorsal root ganglia and ganglia of autonomic nervous system
Meninges (surroundings of our brain)
Several skeletal and muscular components of the head

75
Q

Dorsal yolk sac

A

Construction between embryo and yolk sac after longitudinal and transverse folding converts the flat trilaminar embryonic disc into a C-shaped, cylindrical embryo

76
Q

Development of somites

A

Mesoderm form bilateral longitudinal columns that divide into paired somites in a craniocaudal sequence (38 pairs)

77
Q

Early somites

A

Paired bead-like elevations along the dorsolateral surface of the embryo

78
Q

What do mesenchyme cells from the smite give rise to

A

Axial skeleton and associated muscles

Dermis

79
Q

Ectoderm folding

A

Dorsal folding to form the neural tube - neurulation

80
Q

Endoderm folding

A

Forms ventral surface of embryo and roof of yolk sac, ventral folding ro form the inner lining of the gut tube

81
Q

Transverse folding (weeks 4-8)

A

Expansion of the amniotic cavity into extraembryonic (chorionic) cavity
Formation of the intraembryonic coelom (primitive body cavity)
Formation of embryonic gut tube

82
Q

Formation of intra-embryonic coelom

A

Lateral plate splitting into 2 layers, visceral and splanchnic

83
Q

Visceral (splanchnic) layer

A

Continuous w/ extraembryonic mesoderm covering the yolk sac
Forms wall of primitive gut

84
Q

Parietal (somatic) layer

A

Continuous w/ extra embryonic mesoderm covering amnion

Forms body wall

85
Q

What happens to somites after they’re formed

A

Their ventral and medial walls divide into 2 masses of cells, sclerotome and dermomyotome

86
Q

Sclerotome

A

Ventromedial, vertebral column and ribs

87
Q

Dermomyotome

A

Forms in the dorsolateral wall of the somite

Further differentiates into 2 regions, myotome region (muscles) and dermomyotome region (dermis of skin)

88
Q

Somite differentiation

A

Paraxial mesoderm
Somites - occipital region caudally
Somitomeres - head

89
Q

Somite differentiation - muscle development

A

Involves myotomes cell masses
Cell of myotome leave myotome to become elongated and spindle shaped - myoblasts
Myoblasts differentiate and fuse w/ other myoblasts - myotubes
Fusion of myotubes will form muscle fibres

90
Q

Myoblasts

A

Embryonic muscle cells

91
Q

Where do myotomes develop from

A

Small dorsal division of somite - epaxial

Large ventral decision of somite - hypaxial

92
Q

What does each division of a myotome form

A

A spp group of muscles w/ elongation on these groups split into flexor and extensor components

93
Q

Where does each myotome receive innervation from

A

Spinal nerves from the same somite segment as the muscle cell

94
Q

What do epimeres form

A

Epaxial division
Extensors of the back and vertebral column
Extensors of the lumbar

95
Q

What do hypomeres form

A

Hypaxial division

Lateral and ventral flexor musculature of the trunk

96
Q

Branchiomeres

A

Myoblasts from the branchial arches –> develops into face

97
Q

How does bone start as

A

Condenstation of mesenchymal cells

98
Q

Bones formed by intrammebranous bone formation

A

Most flat bones

99
Q

Bones formed by endochondral bone formation

A

Most limb bones

100
Q

Chondrofication centres

A

Mesenchyme cells differentiate into chondroblasts

Collagenous/ elastic fibres are deposited in matrix and a cartilaginous (hyaline) bine model forms

101
Q

Chondroblasts function

A

Secrete collagen and ground (substance) matrix

102
Q

Where are primary chondrification centres formed

A

In the diaphysis

103
Q

Sites of secondary ossification centres

A

Epiphysis

104
Q

What does the sternum develop from

A 
Lateral plate (parietal) mesoderm
Costal cartilage from paraxial mesoderm
105
Q

How many separate bony elements make up the face

A

45

106
Q

What is the skull divided into

A

Neurocranium

Viscerocranium

107
Q

Neurocranium

A

Protects the brain

Membranous part and cartilaginous part (base of skull)

108
Q

Viscerocranium

A

Facial skeleton

Formed mainly by the first 2 pharyngeal arches

109
Q

Intramembranous ossification of the skull

A

Mesenchyme condense and osteoblasts form a matrix, later calcium phosphate deposits
Bone spicules radiate from the primary ossification centres within membranous sheaths
Enlarge by apposition of new layers on the outer surface and osteoclastic resorption inside

110
Q

What are flat bones separated by

A

Sutures (connective tissue)

111
Q

Fontanelles

A

Membrane connecting >2 parts of a baby’s skull

112
Q

Types of fontanelles

A

Anterior
Posterior
Sphenoidal
Mastoid

113
Q

Anterior fontanelle closure

A

~ 1-3 yrs post birth

114
Q

Posterior fontanelle closure

A

~ 2 months post birth

115
Q

Sphenoidal fontanelle closure

A

~ 2 months post birth

116
Q

Mastoid fontanelle closure

A

~ 6-18 months post birth

117
Q

What do limb buds consist of initially

A

Mesenchymal core from the parietal (somatic) layer of the lateral plate mesoderm covered by an outer layer off ectoderm

118
Q

Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER)

A

Ectoderm at the distal border of the limb thickens to form AER
AER exerts an inductive influence of the adjacent mesenchyme causing it to remain undifferentiated, rapidly proliferating cells – Progression Zone
Cells further from the AER differentiate into cartilage and muscles

119
Q

Digit formation

A

In the distal end of the limb bud a flat hand or foot plate forms
Cell death in the AER creates 5 separate AER regions for finger growth; cell death in the interdigital spaces separates the fingers

120
Q

Limb development

A 
Onset of development of arm bud ~ 27 days
Well-developed arm bud ~ 28-30 days 
Elongation of arm bud ~ 34-36 days 
Formation of hand paddle ~ 34-38 days 
Onset of finger separation ~ 38-40 days 
Full separation of fingers ~ 50-52 days
121
Q

Limb organisation in development

A

Upper limbs - 90 degrees rotation laterally - flexors anterior/ extensors posterior
Lower limbs - 90 degrees rotation medially - flexors posterior/ extensors anterior

122
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Glassy, smooth form of cartilage that helps to reduce friction between the bones

123
Q

Joint capsules

A

Surround joints
Usually contain supportive ligaments
Lined by synovial membrane

124
Q

Major type of joints

A 
Hinge joint 
Ball and socket 
Saddle joint 
Pivot joint 
Plane/ gliding 
Ellipsoid
125
Q

Muscle biomechanics principles

A

To have an action at a joint, a muscle needs to attach on either side of the joint. A muscle will have an action at every joint it crosses. We need at least one muscle for every possible movement at a joint. How a muscle crosses a joint will determine which action it has at the joint

126
Q

Bone spicules

A

Small cells laid down in formation of new bone matrix

127
Q

Inferomedial

A

Nearer the feet and closer the median plane

128
Q

Superolateral

A

Nearer the head and further from the median plane

129
Q

Bilateral

A

Paired structures having left and right e.g. kidneys

130
Q

Unilateral

A

Structures occurring on one side only e.g. spleen

131
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Occurring on the same side of the body e.g. right thumb and right big toe

132
Q

Contralateral

A

Occurring in the opposite side of the body e.g. right hand and left hand

133
Q

Palmar vs Dorsal surfaces

A 
Anterior hand (palm) 
Posterior hand (dorsum)

Spp to hands and feet

134
Q

Plantar vs Dorsal surfaces

A

Inferior foot surface (sole)
Superior foot surface (dorsum)

Spp for hands and feet

135
Q

Flexion

A

Usually brings distal part of joint to anterior part of body e.g. at shoulder, wrist, hip
Exception is at knee and ankle joints, where distal part is brought to the posterior part of the body

136
Q

Extension

A

Opposite to flexion, muscles straighten out and pull back

137
Q

Extension of hand at wrist

A

Dorsal surface brought up

138
Q

Flexion of hand at wrist

A

Palmar surface brought down

139
Q

Flexion and extension of vertebral column at interverbral joints

A

Bending forward and backwards

140
Q

Abduction

A

Takes limb away from body and midline

141
Q

Adduction

A

Adds limb back to body

142
Q

Medial rotation

A

Brings structures close to midline

143
Q

Medial rotation at hip

A

Would bring feet inwards

144
Q

Medial rotation at shoulder

A

Brings wrist to abdomen

145
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Twists structures out and away from midline

146
Q

Lateral rotation at hip

A

Feet facing outwards

147
Q

Lateral rotation at shoulder

A

Brings wrists outwards

148
Q

Supination

A

Hands out with palms facing up

Only occurs at elbows (radio-ulnar joints)

149
Q

Pronation

A

Hands out with palms facing down

Only occurs at elbows (radio-ulnar joints)

150
Q

Inversion

A

Turning soles of feet inwards

151
Q

Ankle eversion

A

Turning soles of the feet outwards

152
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular movement of lower limb at hip joint

153
Q

Elevation and depression

A

Lifting shoulders up and down

154
Q

Protrusion and retrusion

A

Moving mandible forward and backwards

155
Q

Opposition and reposition

A

Bringing thumb to little finger and back again

156
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

Develop in certain tendons

Protect tendons from excessive wear and change angle of tendons as they pass to their attachments

157
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded articulate area

158
Q

Epicondyle

A

Eminence superior to condyles

159
Q

Malleolus

A

Rounded prominence

160
Q

Major regions of lower limbs

A 
Gluteal region 
Femoral region 
Knee region 
Leg region
Ankle/ talocrural region 
Foot region
161
Q

Innervation of anterior thigh

A

Femoral nerve

MBBS - Year 1 (93 decks)

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