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MBBS - Year 1 > Biochem - Pharmacology and Patient Safety > Flashcards

Biochem - Pharmacology and Patient Safety Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers that control and regulate biological functions

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2
Q

What do hormones bind to in order to act

A

Spp receptors, either on the cell surface or within the target cell
Interaction w/ receptor triggers and coordinates the biological effect

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3
Q

Types of hormone transport

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine

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4
Q

Autocrine transport

A

Local cell-cell diffusion

Act on neighbouring cells of the same type

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5
Q

Paracrine transport

A

Local cell-tissue diffusion

Act of diff cells in the same tissue

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6
Q

Endocrine transport

A

Distributed by blood

Act on distant target cells

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7
Q

Types of hormones

A 
Peptide
Amino-acid derived hormones
Steroid and sterol 
Lipid 
Gaseous
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8
Q

Examples of peptide hormones

A 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Calcitonin
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
Thyroid-stimulating Hormones (TSH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
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9
Q

Examples of Amino-acid hormones

A

Adrenaline
Dopamine
Melatonin
Serotonin

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10
Q

Examples of steroid and sterol hormones

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Progesterone
Testosterone

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11
Q

Examples of lipid hormone

A

Leukotrienes
Prostacyclin
Prostaglandins

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12
Q

Examples of gaseous hormones

A

Nitric oxide

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13
Q

Membrane bound receptors - ion channels

A

Hormone bind to receptor (ion channel), and this causes a conformational change
Allowing ions to move from extracellular site of cell to intracellular —> membrane depolarisation

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14
Q

Membrane bound receptors - G protein coupled receptors

A

Conformational change when hormone binds and GDP is swapped for GTP on the alpha subunit of G protein
Alpha subunit dissociates and binds to another effector protein
After action of protein, the GTP then gets hydrolysed back into GDP, leading to the dissociation of the alpha subunit from the effector protein
The alpha subunit reassociates to the beta and gamma subunits of the G protein

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15
Q

Examples of effector proteins for G protein

A

Ca channel open and allows Ca+ move into the cell leading to increase in intracellular mediators

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16
Q

What else can the alpha-subunit of the G protein do after dissociation

A

Associate with adenylyl cyclase to activate the catalysation of ATP into cAMP
Associate w/ guanylyl cyclase for GTP for cGMP
Both activates protein kinases

Associate w/ phospholipase C

17
Q

What does phospholipase C do

A

Catalyse the conversion of PIP2 to IP3 and DAG, which regulate enzyme activity

18
Q

Membrane bound receptors - kinases

A

Binding of the hormone activates kinase to phosphorylate proteins using ATP

19
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

Hormones move into the cell and either binds to receptor and hormone-receptor complex moves into nucleus or
Hormone goes alone to bind receptor in nucleus to affect DNA transcription

20
Q

Endocrine glands

A 
Hypothalamus 
Thymus 
Pancreas 
Ovaries 
Testicles 
Adrenal 
Parathyroids 
Pituitary
21
Q

Lipids

A

Collective name for all fats and fat-like substances

22
Q

Classes of lipids

A 
Fatty acids 
Triglycerols (fats and oils)
Glycerophospholipids (membrane lipids)
Sphingolipids (membrane lipids)
Cholesterol
23
Q

Features of fatty acids

A

Long chain -COOH
Can be saturated or unsaturated
Most unsaturated fatty acids have cis configuration
Unbranched

24
Q

What are fatty acids precursors for

A

Infl mediators:

Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes

25
Q

What do leukotrienes cause

A

Constriction of bronchioles and smooth muscle in intestine and increases permeability of capillaries

26
Q

What do lipoproteins do

A

Transport triacylglycerols

27
Q

Where are triacylglycerols stored

A

Adipocytes

28
Q

Metabolism of triacylglycerols

A

Triacylglycerols are too big so are broken down into fatty acids by lipoprotein-lipase
Fatty acids are taken up by adipocytes and converted to acyl-CoA
Glucose enters and metabolised into glycerol-3-P, this joins to acyl-CoA to re-form a triacylglycerol

29
Q

What happens when triacylglycerol is needed

A

Hormone-sensitive lipase breaks it down into glycerol and fatty acids, the fatty acids travel in the blood as a fatty acid-albumin complex

30
Q

Structure of glycerophospholipids

A

Amphiphilic
Hydrophobic fatty acid chains (2)
Polar head group (phosphate and alcohol)
Glycerol molecule in between

31
Q

Cleavage of glycerophospholipases

A

Cleaved by phospholipases of the pancreas

32
Q

Features of sphingolipids

A

Amphiphilic

33
Q

Structure of sphingomyelin

A

Hydrophobic fatty acid chain
Sphingosine molecule
Polar head group - phosphate and choline

34
Q

Structure of glycolipids

A

Hydrophobic fatty acid chain
Sphingosine molecule
Polar head group - sugar

35
Q

Structure of cholesterol

A

Weakly amphiilic
Polar OH group
Hydrophobic steroid ring system

36
Q

Metabolism of sphingolipids

A

Ceramides

This can react w/ palmitate to form fatty acids

37
Q

Structure of cholesterol

A

Hydrophobic steroid ring system

38
Q

Site of cholesterol synthesis

A

All cells

Liver and intestines major sites

MBBS - Year 1 (93 decks)

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