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MBBS - Year 1 > Intro to physiology > Flashcards

Intro to physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Main function of CNS

A

Sensory integration

Motor commands

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2
Q

Areas of brain involved with CNS

A

Cerebral cortex
Brainstem
Cerebellum

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3
Q

Regions of the spinal cord

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

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4
Q

Inputs in the CNS from PNS

A

Sensory division

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5
Q

Inputs in the PNS from CNS

A

Motor division

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6
Q

Divisions of motor division

A

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Skeletal muscles

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8
Q

Divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic
Sympathetic division
Enteric division

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9
Q

Enteric division

A

Digestion

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10
Q

How many segments does the spinal cord have

A

31 - each with a motor and sensory nerve root

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11
Q

How does sensory info enter the spine

A

Via the dorsal root

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12
Q

How does motor info leave the spine

A

Via the ventral root

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13
Q

Ascending tracts in the spine

A

Carry sensory info to CNS

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14
Q

Descending tracts in the spine

A

Carry CNS info to motor neurone which control movement/ posture
Lateral corticospinal tract is most important function

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15
Q

Direction of impulse in sensory neurons

A

From receptors, down dendrite to axon terminal

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16
Q

Direction of impulse in motor neurone

A

From dendrites, down axon to axon terminal

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17
Q

Types of axonal projection in neurones

A

Goes to distant brain area

Stays in local brain area

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18
Q

Diff dendritic patterns on neurons

A

Pyramid-shaped spread of dendrites

Radial-shaped spread of dendrites

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19
Q

Types of motor neurons

A

Upper motor neurons

Lower motor neurons

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20
Q

Upper motor neurons

A

Originate in the motor cortex of the brain/ brain stem and transmit signals to relay or lower motor neurons
Mainly initiates voluntary movement

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21
Q

Lower motor neurons

A

Found in the brain stem and spinal cord

Directly responsible for communicating with the effector organs

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22
Q

Types of lower motor neurons

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

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23
Q

Alpha motor neurons

A

Responsible for controlling muscle contractions involved in voluntary movement through contracting extrafusal muscle fibres

24
Q

Extrafusal fibres

A

Standard muscle fibres

25
Q

Beta motor neurons

A

Least common

Stimulate intrafusal muscle fibres

26
Q

Intrafusual fibres

A

Muscle fibres found deep into the muscle

27
Q

Gamma motor neurons

A

Control muscle contraction in response to external forces through the intrafusal fibres
Regulate the muscle response to stretch

28
Q

Neuroglia cells

A

Neural support and protection

29
Q

Neuroglia cells in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglial
Ependymal cells

30
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin of CNS

31
Q

Astrocytes

A

Long processes from blood-brain barrier between blood and cerebrospinal fluid

32
Q

Microglial

A

Phagocytosis; converge on sites of injury or infection

33
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Facilitate movement of cerebrospinal fluid

34
Q

Neuroglia cells in PNS

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells
Enteric glial cells

35
Q

Where are satellite cells found

A

Sensory and autonomic ganglia

36
Q

Where are enteric glial cells found

A

Gut wall

37
Q

Gilia

A

Specialised cells that support and nourish neurons that arent neurons

38
Q

RMP

A

Resting Membrane Potential

The inside of a cell is always -ve relative to the outside
Most cells have a resting membrane potential of between -40 and -100 mV

39
Q

Why does the RMP develop

A

Semi permeable nature of the cell membrane
Unequal distribution of ions inside and outside of the cell
Presence of ion pumps (active transport)

40
Q

Ionic basis of RMP

A

Na/K pump - 3 Na out and 2 K in
[K+] is higher inside so diffuses out
VG Na+ channels closed
Cytoplasm has large organic anions

41
Q

Action potential

A

Transient depolarisation triggered by a depolarisation beyond a threshold
Results in opening and closing of Na+ and K+ channels in axon membrane

42
Q

Propagation of action potential in unymelinated neurons

A

Depolarisation will spread out from the active site

Magnitude of current decreases w/ increasing distance w/ active site

43
Q

Propagation of action potential in myelinated neurons

A

Depolarisation occurs at Nodes of Ranvier only (Saltatory Conduction)

44
Q

Axoplasmic transport processes

A

Anterograde

Retrograde

45
Q

Anterograde

A

Organelles and vesicles move along microtubules via microtubule-dependent motor proteins, kinesins

46
Q

Kinesins

A

ATP-ases

47
Q

Retrograde

A

Material moved back to cell body by Dynein motor proteins

48
Q

Dynein

A

ATP-ase

49
Q

Function of autonomic nervous system

A

Maintenance of homeostasis

50
Q

Simple involuntary reflexes

A

Baroreceptor reflex
Micturition
Salivation
Pupillary light reflex

51
Q

Factors determining velocity of an action potential

A

Temperature
Axon diameter
Presence or absence of myelin sheath

52
Q

How does temp determine velocity of action potential

A

The higher the temp, the faster the conduction velocity

53
Q

How does axon diameter determine velocity of action potential

A

Larger the axon diameter, the faster the conduction velocity

54
Q

Axon hillock

A

Where action potential is summed

55
Q

Types of summation

A

Spatial

Temporal

56
Q

Spatial summation

A

Sev presynaptic neurones connect to post synaptic neurones

Each releases a transmitter so the conc increases in the synapse

57
Q

Temporal summation

A

Single presynaptic neurone relates neurotransmitter due to several ap’s in a short time

MBBS - Year 1 (93 decks)

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