chapter 20 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Some microbes gain access to the normally axenic central nervous system by

A

either damaging the blood-brain barrier or by axonal transport from infected peripheral neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Encephalitis is an infection of

A

the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The Gram-negative diplococcus ________ is resistant to phagocytosis and releases Lipid A to cause inflammation

A

Neisseria meningitidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The Gram-positive diplococcus ________ is commonly found in the pharynx but may invade the central nervous system inside cells where it survives after endocytosis

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The pleomorphic bacterium ________ is an obligate parasite due to its requirement for NAD+ and heme

A

Haemophilus influenzae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Newborns exposed to the Gram-positive bacterium ________ during vaginal birth are at risk of

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Contaminated food is the source of ________, which causes meningitis in the elderly and susceptible persons

A

Listeria monocytogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bacterial agents of meningitis which can survive phagocytosis include

A

both Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The type of bacterial meningitis that becomes epidemic among young adults is caused by

A

Neisseria meningitidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which of the following is TRUE of foodborne botulism?

A

it is an intoxication disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Botulism toxin disrupts motor control by

A

blocking the release of acetylcholine by motor neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does tetanospasmin affect motor control?

A

It blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tetanus vaccine contains

A

antibodies against Clostridium tetani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The highly destructive form of Hansen’s disease is the result of

A

autoimmune disease triggered by Mycobacteriu leprae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which of the following diseases is the result of a bacterial infection of peripheral nerves

A

Hansen’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis is directly related to its ability to

A

live and reproduce inside its host’s cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which of the following causes of viral meningitis is transmitted by the fecal-oral route?

A

echovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Viral meningitis is also called “aseptic meningitis”

A

to indicate no bacteria are involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The least common type of polio is

A

paralytic polio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Slow deterioration of muscle function occurring over many years occurs in

A

postpolio syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Poliovirus is most often transmitted via

A

contaminated water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which of the following statements concerning rabies is FALSE?

A

all mammals can serve as a reservoir for the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which of the following nervous system diseases is treated with both passive and active immunization?

A

rabies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The normal hosts for St. Louis encephalitis virus are

A

birds

25
Q

The disease known as cryptococcal meningitis

A

results from exposure to bird droppings and begins as a lung infection.

26
Q

African sleeping sickness is fatal if not treated because the parasite

A

evades destruction by the immune system by changing surface antigens.

27
Q

An intracellular parasite primarily transmitted as an STD is the agent of ________, which may cause enough damage to result in blindness

A

trachoma

28
Q

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease can be prevented by avoiding

A

consumption of contaminated meat

29
Q

Nasal or ocular contact with water containing ________ may result in primary amebic meningoencephalitis

A

both Acanthomoeba and Naegleria

30
Q

Which of the following is classified as a spongiform encephalopathy?

A

variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

31
Q

A child is brought to the hospital with high fever and headache. During examination a stiff neck is noted. What sign indicates the child has viral meningitis instead of bacterial meningitis?

A

clear CSF

32
Q

The condition known as “pinkeye” may be the result of infection with

A

Haemophilus influenzae.

33
Q

A child is brought to the hospital with a high fever, nausea, and vomiting, and complaining of headache. The cerebrospinal fluid collected by spinal tap is cloudy and contains spherical cells which stain Gram-positive. These signs and symptoms are consistent with

A

bacterial meningitis probably due to Streptococcus.

34
Q

T or F:Cryptococcal meningitis can affect both healthy and immunocompromised individuals.

A

true

35
Q

T or F: Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted to animals and people by a bloodsucking fly.

A

true

36
Q

T or F: Rabies is a rare zoonosis in humans but common in many other species of mammal.

A

true

37
Q

T or F: Fungi rarely infect the central nervous system.

A

true

38
Q

T or F: All arboviruses are members of the same virus family.

A

false

39
Q

T or F: Horses and humans are considered “dead-end” hosts for arboviruses.

A

true

40
Q

T or F: Rodents are a major reservoir for rabies

A

false

41
Q

T or F: Viral meningitis is usually more serious than bacterial meningitis.

A

false

42
Q

T or F: Tetanospasmin blocks the release of stimulatory neurotransmitters.

A

false

43
Q

T or F: Clostridium botulinum can grow in the intestinal tracts of both infants and adults.

A

false

44
Q

The only natural hosts for infection with the microbe Mycobacterium leprae are humans and (armadillos/birds/pigs).

A

armadillos

45
Q

Infant botulism is the result of (inhalation/ingestion/inoculation) of bacterial endospores.

A

ingestion

46
Q

The neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum produce (paralysis/spasms/weakness) by interfering with acetylcholine secretion.

A

paralysis

47
Q

The form of botulism known as (foodborne/infant/wound) is an intoxication disorder.

A

foodborne

48
Q

West Nile virus is transmitted by (food/mosquitoes/water).

A

mosquitoes

49
Q

Children in the United States are vaccinated with the (IPV/OPV/PEP) to prevent polio. (Use all uppercase in your answer.)

A

IPV

50
Q

A diagnostic indicator of bacterial meningitis is (clear/milky/dark) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

A

milky

51
Q

The presence of (cocci/diplococci/coccobacilli/streptococci) in the CSF is consistent with infection with Listeria monocytogenes. (Describe the appearance of the cells.)

A

coccobacilli

52
Q

Small subcutaneous hemorrhages called (granulations/macules/petechiae) are sometimes present in cases of meningitis.

A

petechiae

53
Q

The normal habitat for Naegleria is (birds/mammals/water).

A

water

54
Q

Negri bodies are a characteristic microscopic finding in the diagnosis of (encephalitis/leprosy/rabies).

A

rabies

55
Q

The (eyes/intestines/lungs) are the initial site of infection with Cryptococcus neoformans.

A

lungs

56
Q

The presence of the pathogen in the blood called (bacteremia/parasitemia/viremia) is a defining feature of African sleeping sickness.

A

parasitemia

57
Q

Spongiform encephalopathy diseases develop as a result of infection with (parasites/prions/rabies).

A

prions

58
Q

The condition called (conjunctivitis/keratitis/trachoma) is the result of infection of the cornea.

A

keratitis