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Anatomy > Posterior and Anterior Upper Limb Session 16+17 > Flashcards

Posterior and Anterior Upper Limb Session 16+17 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the clavicle

A

S shaped bone

Easily palpable in most individuals

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2
Q

What r the two joints of the clavicle and what type r they

A

synovial joints

1) sternoclavicular joint: articulates with the sternum at its medial end
2) acromioclavicular joint: articulates with the acromium of the scapula at its lateral end

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3
Q

What bony structure is on the posterior surface of the scapula

A

ridge of bone called the spine of scapula

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4
Q

What is the acromium

A

formed by the expansion of the lateral end of the spine of the scapula

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5
Q

What is the pectoral girdle made of

A

clavicle, scapula and the attached muscles

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6
Q

where is the glenoid fossa and what does it form

A

lateral aspect of the scapula

forms the shoulder by articulating with the proximal humerus

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7
Q

what r the supraglenoid tubercle and infraglenoid tubercles

A

two small projections of bone superior and inferior to the glenoid fossa of the scapula

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8
Q

What is the humerus

A

long bone of the arm

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9
Q

What is the anatomical neck of humerus

A

ring around head of the humerus

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10
Q

What is the greater tubercle

A

projection of bone on the lateral aspect of the proximal humerus (site for muscle attachment)

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11
Q

What is the surgical neck and what runs close to this region

A

where the humeral bone narrows and becomes continuous with the shaft
axillary nerve

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12
Q

what bone and where is the deltoid tuberosity on and what is it the site of

A

slight protuberance on lateral aspect of humeral shaft

site of attachment for the deltoid muscle

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13
Q

What is the radial groove and where is it

A

path of radial nerve

posterior upper humeral shaft

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14
Q

Name the 5 movements of the scapula and demonstrate them

A

protraction, retraction, elevation (shrugging), depression (squaring), rotation

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15
Q

How does the scapula help with rotation (2)

A

tilts the glenoid fossa cranially to aid elevation of the upper limb
for every 2 degrees of abduction of the shoulder, the scapula rotates 1 degree eg when raising the arm above the head

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16
Q

What r the two superficial muscles of the posterior pectoral girdle and briefly explain them

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi

large flat muscles with extensive attachments to the vertebral column

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17
Q

What r the 3 deeper muscles of the posterior pectoral girdle and what is their common general attachment

A

levator scapulae, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor

muscles are attached to the medial border of the scapula to the vertebral colum

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18
Q

What is the movement of trapezius (hint: 3 parts)

A

upper part= elevates, middle= retracts, lower= depresses and rotates the scapula

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19
Q

What is the movement of latissimus dorsi (hint DEDM- dead to me)

A

elevates, adducts and medially rotates the humerus

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20
Q

What is the movement of levator scapulae

A

elevates

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21
Q

What is the movement of rhomboid major and minor

A

retracts

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22
Q

What r the attachments of trapezius

A

origin attachment: skull, cervical and thoracic vertebrae

insertion attachment: clavicle and scapula

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23
Q

What r the attachments of latissimus dorsi

A

origin attachment: lower thoracic vertebrae

insertion attachment: upper anterior humerus

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24
Q

what are the attachments of levator scapulae

A

origin attachment: upper cervical vertebrae

insertion attachment: medial border of scapula

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25
Q

what r the attachments of rhomboid minor

A

origin attachment: C7 and T1

insertion attachment: medial border of scapula

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26
Q

what r the attachments of rhomboid major

A

origin attachment: thoracic vertebrae

insertion attachment: medial border of scapula

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27
Q

What innervates the trapezius

A

11th cranial nerve (spinal accessory)

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28
Q

What innervates the latissimus dorsi

A

branch of brachial plexus called the thoracodorsal nerve

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29
Q

What innervates most of the muscles of the posterior pectoral girdle and what is the only exception

A

innervated by nerves from the brachial plexus

exception: trapezius

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30
Q

What r the 6 movements of the shoulder joint (make sure u can demonstrate this)

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation

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31
Q

What is the significance of the loose joint capsule at the shoulder

A

poor fit of the articular surfaces of the shoulder joint
allows for an extensive range of movement at the shoulder joint
this compromises stability ie shoulder dislocation

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32
Q

What r the 2 functions of the muscles that attach the scapula to the humerus

A

move and stabilise shoulder joint

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33
Q

What r the 6 muscles that attach the scapula to the humerus

A 
deltoid
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
subsccapularis
teres major
teres minor
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34
Q

What makes up the rotator cuff

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor

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35
Q

what r the intrinsic muscles of the scapula (5)

A 
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
subsccapularis
teres major
teres minor
(all muscles attached to scapula except the deltoid)
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36
Q

What is the origin of the deltoid

A

lateral part of clavicle to the spine of the scapula

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37
Q

What r the 3 movements of the deltoid muscle?

A

does abduction at shoulder joint (but deltoid cannot initiate abduction- only does abduction after 20 degrees)
anterior fibres contribute to flexion of arm
posterior fibres contribute to extension of arm

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38
Q

Innervation of deltoid and what is this a branch of

A

axillary nerve (branch of brachial plexus)

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39
Q

main action of deltoid at the shoulder joint

A

abduction beyond 20 degrees

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40
Q

Origin of deltoid

what structure does it also originate on in between these two structures

A

spine of scapula and clavicle

acromium

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41
Q

Insertion of deltoid on the humerus

A

deltoid tuberosity

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42
Q

Action of teres major at the shoulder joint

A

medial rotation and adduction

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43
Q

Origin of teres major from the scapula

A

posterior surface, inferior part of the lateral border of scapula

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44
Q

Teres major insertion on the humerus

A

anterior humerus- intertuberculor sulcus

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45
Q

Supraspinatus action at the shoulder joint

A

first 20 degrees of abduction

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46
Q

Supraspinatus origin from the scapula

A

supraspinous fossa

47
Q

Supraspinatus insertion onto humerus

A

greater tubercle- superior facet

48
Q

Teres minor action at the shoulder joint

A

lateral rotation

49
Q

Teres minor origin from the scapula

A

lateral border of scapula

50
Q

Teres minor insertion on the humerus

A

Greater tubercle- inferior facet

51
Q

Infraspinatus action at the shoulder joint

A

lateral rotation

52
Q

Infraspinatus origin from the scapula

A

infraspinous fossa

53
Q

Infraspinatus insertion on the humerus

A

greater tubercle- middle facet

54
Q

Subscapularis action at the shoulder joint

A

Medial rotation

55
Q

Subscapularis origin from the scapula

A

Subscapular fossa

56
Q

Subscapularis insertion onto the humerus

A

Lesser tubercle

57
Q

the two ways the rotator cuff muscles maintain stability of the shoulder joint

A
  1. contraction of the rotator cuff muscles holds the head of the humerus in the shallow glenoid
  2. tendons fuse with the capsule of the shoulder joint
58
Q

What 4 structures contribute to stability of the shoulder

A

muscles of the rotator cuff
glenoid labrum: rim of fibrocartilage around the margin of the glenoid fossa
ligaments: reinforces capsule
tendon of biceps brachii: reinforces the joint

59
Q

What is the arm

A

in between shoulder and elbow

60
Q

what is the intermuscular septa

A

extends from the deep brachial fascia

separates the arm into the anterior and posterior compartments

61
Q

What is the muscle that lies on posterior of arm

A

triceps brachii

62
Q

What is the action of Triceps brachii

A

extends the elbow when it contracts

63
Q

how many muscle heads r there on the Triceps brachii and what r their names

A

3: long head, lateral head, medial head

64
Q

long head of Triceps brachii: origin, location in relation to other heads, action

A

arises from infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
most medial part of triceps
extension of shoulder joint as it is attached to the scapula

65
Q

Where is the lateral head of Triceps brachii located

A

posterior humerus

66
Q

Where is the medial head of Triceps brachii located

A

posterior humerus

67
Q

Where do the 3 heads of the triceps brachii converge

A

via a common tendon onto the olecranon of the ulna

68
Q

What is the innervation of the heads of the triceps brachii

A

radial nerve

69
Q

what is the path of the radial nerve in the posterior arm

A

winds around the posterior aspect of the humerus in the radial groove between the medial and lateral heads of triceps

70
Q

What r the structures of the bone on the upper part of the humerus (8)

A

head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater and lesser tubercle, intertubercular sulcus, deltoid tuberosity and radial groove

71
Q

What r the structures of the bone on the lower part of the humerus (4)

A

medial and lateral epicondyles, trochlea and capitellum

72
Q

What is the axilla and what shape is it

A

armpit, pyramid-shaped

73
Q

What are the 4 structures in the axilla

A

lymph nodes, axially artery, axillary vein, brachial plexus

74
Q

what r the general names (not structures) of the 6 boundaries of the axilla
what is the apex and base in between

A 
anterior wall, posterior wall
lateral wall, medial wall
apex and base
apex= between the back and the axilla
base= between the chest wall and the arm

if struggling to visualise see: https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/areas/axilla/

75
Q

What r the 6 boundaries of the axilla

A

anterior wall: pec major and minor
posterior wall: subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi
lateral wall: upper humerus
medial wall: serratus anterior and chest wall
apex: first rib, clavicle and scapula
base: skin and fascia

76
Q

what area the axillary lymph nodes drain (4)
how many groups of lymph nodes r there
what r the lymph nodes in the apex of the axilla called and why r they important

A

drains upper limb, chest, abdominal wall and umbilicus
5 groups of lymph nodes in the axilla
lymph nodes in the apex of the axilla- apical nodes receives lymph from all the other lymph nodes

77
Q

what is the axillary artery continuous with
whys is the axillary artery important
how many branches does the axillary artery have
where do these branches come off
where does the axillary artery change name and what to

A

continuous with subclavian artery
major artery of the upper limb
6 branches
branches: one above pectoralis minor, two behind it and three below
crosses inferior border of teres major into arm= brachial artery

78
Q

what is the axillary vein continuous with
why is the axillary vein important
what does it travel alongside with
what forms the axillary vein (2)

A

continuous with subclavian vein
major vein of the upper limb
travels alongside the axillary artery
formed by the unit of the deep veins of the arm with the basilic vein

79
Q

What does the brachial plexus supply and what type of sensation

A

upper limbs

sensory and motor innervation

80
Q

What r the 5 general structures of the brachial plexus (rugby teams don’t cover bruises)

A

structure of brachial plexus is split into 5 segments: roots, trunks, divisions, cords and branches

81
Q

State the roots of the brachial plexus and where they r all found

A

C5-T1

found in the neck

82
Q

State the trunks of the brachial plexus

A

superior trunk formed from C5 and 6
middle trunk formed from C7
inferior trunk formed from C8 and T1

83
Q

Explain the division section of the brachial plexus and where does this occur

A

each trunk divides into an anterior and posterior division under the clavicle

84
Q

State the cords of the brachial plexus and what r they formed by

A

lateral cord= ant of superior and middle
posterior cord= post of all trunks
medial cord= ant of inferior

85
Q

State the branches of the brachial plexus and what (cords) they r formed from

A 
musculocutaenous= from lateral cord
axillary= branch of posterior 
median= branches combining from the lateral and medial cords
radial= branch of posterior
ulnar= branch of medial
86
Q

Where r the branches of the brachial plexus located

A

in axilla

87
Q

What does the axillary nerve innervate (2 muscles and skin)

A

innervates deltoid and teres minor and small region of the skin over the upper lateral arm

88
Q

What muscles does the radial nerve innervate

A

innervates the triceps and all the muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm

89
Q

What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate (3 muscles)

A

innervates three muscles in the anterior arm (coracobrachialis, biceps brachii and brachialis)
continues as a sensory nerve that innervates a region of skin over the forearm

90
Q

What does the ulnar nerve innervate in the upper limb

A

innervates most of the muscles of the hand, medial digits and skin over the medial aspect of the hand

91
Q

What does the medial nerve innervate

A

innervates most of the muscles of the anterior forearm (flexors of the wrist and digits), skin over the lateral aspect of the palm of the hand and over the lateral digits, innervates the small muscles of the thumb

92
Q

What muscles r in the anterior arm (3)

A

three muscles: biceps brachii, brachialis and coracobrachialis

93
Q

What is the anterior arm innervated by

A

musculocutaneous nerve

94
Q

What is the one action of the 3 muscles of the anterior arm

A

flexors

95
Q

What is the location of the biceps brachii

A

lies most superficially in the anterior arm

96
Q

How many and what r the names of the muscle head of the biceps brachii

A

2: long head and the short head of biceps

97
Q

Origin of short head of biceps brachii

A

coracoid process on scapula

98
Q

Origins of the long head of biceps brachii

A

supraglenoid tubercle on scapula

99
Q

Where and how do the muscle bellies of the head of the biceps brachii converge

A

converge via a common tendon on the radial tuberosity of the radius

100
Q

What is the extra function of the tendons of the long head of biceps brachii

A

tendons of the long head pierces the capsules of the shoulder joint to help stabilise it

101
Q

What r the movements of the biceps brachii

A

flexor: flexes elbow joint and contributed to shoulder joint flexion as it cross the shoulder joint
supinator: powerful supinators of the forearm when the elbow is flexed eg right handed person tightening a screw to the right

102
Q

Location of the brachialis

A

lies deep to biceps

103
Q

Origin, route and attachment of the brachialis

A

attached to the anterior aspect of the lower half of the shaft of the humerus and cross the elbow joint to insert distally upon the ulna tuberosity

104
Q

function of the brachialis

A

powerful flexor of the elbow joint

105
Q

Origin, route and attachment of the coracobrachialis

A

attaches proximally to the coracoid process to the scapula, crosses the shoulder joint and goes distally to the medial aspect of the middle part of the humerus

106
Q

Function of the coracobrachialis

A

weak flexor for the shoulder joint

107
Q

What is the cubital fossa

A

triangular shaped region anterior to the elbow joint

108
Q

What r the 3 borders of the cubital fossa

A

lateral border: brachiordialis (posterior forearm muscle)
medial border: pronator teres (anteiroi forearm muscle)
superior border: formed by an imaginary line drawn between the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus

109
Q

What r the 5 contents of the cubital fossa

A

tendon of biceps brachii, bicipital aponeurosis (fascial extension of the biceps tendon), brachial artery, median nerve, radial nerve

110
Q

tendon of the biceps brachii and the cubital fossa

A

travels through the cubical fossa to its insertion point onto the radial tuborsity

111
Q

bicipital anponeurosis and the cubital fossa

A

separates the superficial veins from deeper structures into the fossa (brachial artery and median nerve)

112
Q

brachial artery and the cubital fossa

A

lies medial to the biceps tendon
bifurcates into its terminal branches (radial and ulnar arteries in the cubital fossa)
deep veins accompany the arteries

113
Q

median artery and the cubital fossa

A

lies medial to brachial artery

travels through anterior compartment of arm and the cubital fossa to the anterior forearm and the hand

114
Q

radial nerve and the cubital fossa

A

passes through arterial aseptic to fate cubital fossa

lies deep to brachioradialis

Anatomy (28 decks)

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