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BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology > 2.3-2.4 > Flashcards

2.3-2.4 Flashcards

1
Q

energy (def)

A

capacity to do work

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2
Q

work (def)

A

to move something

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3
Q

energy classified into…

A

potential
kinetic

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4
Q

potential (def)

A

stored energy due to its position or internal state

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5
Q

kinetic (def)

A

energy of motion
energy that is doing work

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6
Q

chemical energy

chemical reactions

A

potential energy stored in bonds of molecules

chemical rxns release this energy and make it available for physiological work

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7
Q

heat is ___ energy (def)

A

kinetic energy of molecular motion

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8
Q

free energy (def)

in humans

A

potential energy available in a system to do useful work

energy stored in chem bonds of organic molecules

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9
Q

chemical reaction (def)

A

process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken

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10
Q

chemical rxn classifications:

A

decomposiiton
synthesis
exchange

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11
Q

decomposition rxns (what are they)

A

large molecule breaks down into multiple smaller ones

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12
Q

synthesis rxns (what are they)

A

multiple small molecules combine to form a large one

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13
Q

exchange rxns (what are they)

A

2 molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms

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14
Q

law of mass action in reversible rxns

A

proceed from reactants in greater quantity to substances w/ lesser quantity

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15
Q

reversible reactions exist in a state of equilibrium

A

ratio of products to reactants is stable

ex. 20:1

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16
Q

chem rxn rates are based on…

A

molecular motion

collisions

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17
Q

rate of rxn depends on

A

nature of the reactants

frequency and force of their collisions

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18
Q

some factors that affect rxn rates

A

concentration

temp

catalysts

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19
Q

factors that affect rxn rates:

concentration (explain)

A

more concentrated == rxn rate increases

molecules are more crowded and a collide more frequently

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20
Q

factors that affect rxn rates:

temp (explain)

A

temp increases == rxn rate increases

heat causes molecules to move more rapidly and collide w/ greater force and frequency

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21
Q

factors that affect rxn rates:

catalysts (explain)

A

substances temporarily bind to reacts and hold them in favorable position to react w/ each other

may change shapes of reactants in ways to make them more likely to react

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22
Q

metabolism (def)

A

sum of all chem rxns in body

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23
Q

2 division of metabolism

A

catabolism

anabolism

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24
Q

catabolism (def)

A

energy-releasing decomposition rxns

break covalent bonds

break larger molecules down into smaller molecules

exergonic – releases energy to be used for other physiological work

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25
Q

exergonic (def)

A

energy-releasing rxns

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26
Q

physiological work (examples)

A

breaking chem bonds
building molecules
pumping blood
contracting skeletal muscles

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27
Q

anabolism (def)

A

energy-storing synthesis rxns

ex. production of protein or fat

endergonic – require an energy input

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28
Q

anabolism is ___ by the ___ that catabolism releases

A

driven

energy

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29
Q

anabolism and catabolism are…

A

coupled

inseparably linked

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30
Q

oxidation (def)

A

any chemical rxn in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy

molecule is oxidized when it loses electrons

oxidizing agent is the electron acceptor that takes the electrons

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31
Q

reduction (def)

A

chem rxn in which a molecule gains electrons and energy

molecule is reduced when it gains electrons

reducing agent is the electron donor that donates the electrons

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32
Q

redox rxns are always ___

A

coupled
oxidation of 1 molecule is always accompanied by the reduction of another

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33
Q

are only electrons transferred in a redox rxn?

A

no; often electrons are transferred in the form of hydrogen atoms

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34
Q

energy-transfer reactions in the human body:

exergonic reactions (def)

A

rxns in which there is a net release of energy

products have less total free energy than reactants

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35
Q

energy-transfer reactions in the human body:

endergonic reactions (def)

A

rxns in which there is a net input of energy

products have more total free energy than reactants

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36
Q

energy-transfer reactions in the human body:

exergonic rxns (examples)

A

oxidation

decomposition

catabolism

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37
Q

energy-transfer reactions in the human body:

endergonic rxns (examples)

A

reduction

synthesis

anabolism

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38
Q

energy-transfer reactions in the human body:

oxidation

A

exergonic

electrons removed from reactant

electrons can be removed in the form of hydrogen atoms

product is said to be oxidized

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39
Q

energy-transfer reactions in the human body:

decomposition

A

exergonic

rxn such as digestion and cell respiration

larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones

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40
Q

energy-transfer reactions in the human body:

catabolism

A

exergonic

sum of all decompositions rxns in the body

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41
Q

energy-transfer reactions in the human body:

reduction

A

endergonic

electrons are donated to a reactant

product is said to be reduced

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42
Q

energy-transfer reactions in the human body:

synthesis

A

endergonic

rxn such as protein or glycogen synthesis, in which 2 or more smaller molecules are combined into a larger one

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43
Q

energy-transfer reactions in the human body:

anabolism

A

endergonic

the sum of all synthesis rxns in the body

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44
Q

chemical energy (def)

A

potential energy stored in bonds of molecules

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45
Q

functional groups (what are they)

A

common arrangement of atoms that give organic molecules their unique properties

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46
Q

organic chemistry (def)

A

study of compounds of carbon

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47
Q

4 primary categories of large organic molecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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48
Q

why is carbon important?

carbon is an especially ___ atom that serves as the basis of a wide variety of structures

A

versatile

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49
Q

why is carbon important?

carbon has ___ valence electrons, so it bonds w/ other atoms that can provide it w/ 4 more to complete its valence shell

A

4

50
Q

why is carbon important?

carbon atoms readily ___ with each other and can form ___ chains, ___ molecules, and ___ – an enormous variety of ___ for organic molecules

A

long chains

branched molecules

rings

carbon backbones

51
Q

why is carbon important?

carbon also commonly forms covalent bonds w/…

A

hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
sulfur

52
Q

why is carbon important?

carbon backbones carry a variety of ___

A

functional groups

53
Q

functional groups (def)

A

small clusters of atoms that determine many of the properties of an organic molecule

54
Q

5 common functional groups

A

1) hydroxyl
2) methyl
3) carboxyl
4) amino
5) phosphate

55
Q

hydroxyl (symbol and occurs in)

A

–OH

sugars, alcohols

56
Q

methyl (symbol and occurs in)

A

–CH3

fats, oils, steroids, amino acids

57
Q

carboxyl (symbol and occurs in)

A

–COOH

amino acids, sugars, proteins

58
Q

amino (symbol and occurs in)

A

–NH2

amino acids, proteins

59
Q

phosphate (symbol and occurs in)

A

–H2PO4

nucleic acids, ATP

60
Q

most macromolecules are ___ –molecules made of repetitive series of identical or similar subunits called ___

A

polymers

monomers

61
Q

polymers (def)

A

molecules made of a monomers

62
Q

monomers (def)

A

a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits that made up polymers

63
Q

polymerization (def)

A

joining of monomers to form a polymer

64
Q

dehydration synthesis (condensation)

A

polymerization in living cells

enzyme removes a hydroxyl group from one monomer and a hydrogen from another –> forms water as a by-product

2 monomers become joined by a covalent bond –> forms a dimer

monomers are added to the chain until it becomes long enough to be considered a polymer

65
Q

hydrolysis

A

all chemical digestion consists of hydrolysis reactions

water molecule ionizes into OH- and H+

enzyme breaks the covalent bond linking one monomer to another and adds OH- to one monomer and H+ to the other

66
Q

carbohydrate (def)

A

type of macromolecule

hydrophilic organic molecule

ex. sugars and starches

source of energy that can be quickly mobilized

67
Q

monosaccharides (def and 3 primary of importance)

A

simplest carbohydrates –> monomers –> simple sugars

glucose, galactose, fructose

68
Q

disaccharides (def and 3 primary of importance)

A

sugars composed of 2 monosaccharides

sucrose (glucose + fructose)
lactose (glucose + galactose)
maltose (glucose + glucose)

69
Q

oligosaccharides (def)

A

short chains of 3+ monosaccharides

70
Q

polysaccharides (def)

A

up to thousands of monosaccharides long

71
Q

glycogen (def)

A

energy-storage polysaccharide

long, branched, glucose polymer

72
Q

starch (def)

A

energy-storage polysaccharide of plants

the only significant digestible polysaccharide in the human diet

73
Q

cellulose (def)

A

structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell walls of plans

composed of a chain of a few thousand glucose monomers

we can’t digest it –> absorbs water and helps clear GI tract

74
Q

how do carbs get turned into ATP?

A

carbs –> glucose –> ATP

75
Q

carbs can be conjugated (explain)

A

carbs are often covalently bonded to proteins and lipids for other functions

76
Q

carb functions:

monosaccharides:

glucose (function)

A

blood sugar – energy source for most cells

77
Q

carb functions:

monosaccharides:

galactose (function)

A

converted to glucose and metabolized

78
Q

carb functions:

monosaccharides:

fructose (function)

A

fruit sugar – converted to glucose and metabolized

79
Q

carb functions:

disaccharides:

sucrose (function)

A

cane sugar – digested to glucose and fructose

80
Q

carb functions:

disaccharides:

lactose (function)

A

milk sugar – digested to glucose and galactose

important in infant nutriiton

81
Q

carb functions:

disaccharides:

maltose (function)

A

malt sugar – product of starch digestion, further digested to glucose

82
Q

carb functions:

polysaccharides:

cellulose (function)

A

structural polysaccharide of plants; dietary fiber

83
Q

carb functions:

polysaccharides:

starch (function)

A

energy storage in plant cells; energy source in human diet

84
Q

carb functions:

polysaccharides:

glycogen (function)

A

energy storage in animal cells (liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vagina)

85
Q

carb functions:

conjugated carbohydrates:

glycoprotein (function)

A

component of the cell surface coat and mucus, among other roles

86
Q

carb functions:

conjugated carbohydrates:

glycolipid (function)

A

component of the cell surface coat

87
Q

carb functions:

conjugated carbohydrates:

proteoglycan (function)

A

cell adhesion
lubrication
supportive filler of some tissues and organs

88
Q

lipid (general traits)

A

hydrophobic organic molecule

usually composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

less oxidized than carbs so lipids have more calories/gram

89
Q

5 primary type sof lipids in humans:

A

1) fatty acids
2) triglycerides
3) phospholipids
4) eicosanoids
5) steroids

90
Q

lipid functions:

bile acids (function)

A

steroids that aid in fat digestion and nutrient absorption

91
Q

lipid functions:

cholesterol (function)

A

component of cell membranes; precursor of other steroids

92
Q

lipid functions:

eicosanoids (function)

A

chemical messengers b/n cells

93
Q

lipid functions:

fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K)

A

involved in a variety fo functions including blood clotting, wound healing, vision, and calcium absorption

94
Q

lipid functions:

fatty acids (function)

A

precursor of triglycerides; source of energy

95
Q

lipid functions:

phospholipids (function)

A

major component of cell membranes; aid in fat digestion

96
Q

lipid functions:

steroid hormones (function)

A

chemical messengers b/n cells

97
Q

lipid functions:

triglycerides (function)

A

energy storage
thermal insulation
filling space
binding organs together
cushioning organs

98
Q

a glucose polymer synthesized by liver, muscle, uterine, and vaginal cells that serves as an energy-storage polysaccharide is a ___ molecule

A

glycogen

99
Q

groups of atoms that are added to carbon backbones and that give organic molecules a variety of unique properties are generally known as ___

A

functional groups

100
Q

macromolecule (def)

A

any molecule of large size and high molecular weight

101
Q

4 organic macromolecules

A

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids

102
Q

type of macromolecule that is a major component of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipids

103
Q

estrogen and testosterone are examples of which type of liquid?

A

steroids

104
Q

polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals

A

glycogen

105
Q

lipid (describe ratio of atoms in it)

A

way more H’s than O’s

106
Q

___ is the general term for a lipid molecule that consists of 4 interconnected carbon rings. Examples are cholesterol, testosterone, or estrogen.

A

steroid

107
Q

the ___ level of protein structure is determined by the folding of the protein due to hydrogen bonding b/n amino acids to form alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets

A

secondary

108
Q

the folding of proteins into various globular and fibrous shapes is referred to as the ___ structure of the proteins

A

tertiary

109
Q

which 3 functional groups are part of the basic structure of every amino acid?

A

amino group
radical (R) group
carboxyl group

110
Q

what does a quaternary structure of a protein depend on?

A

interactions b/n multiple polypeptide chains

111
Q

a ___ is the substance that an enzyme acts upon

A

substrate

112
Q

an ___ is a protein that functions as a biological catalyst

A

enzyme

113
Q

the lock and key model describes the property of enzyme-substrate ___

A

specificity

114
Q

each step in a pathway is usually regulated by a specific ___

A

enzyme

115
Q

what is a nucleotide composed of?

A

nitrogenous base
monosaccharide
phosphate group

116
Q

sucrase digests ___

A

only sucrose

117
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) consists of…

A

adenine
ribose
3 phosphate groups

118
Q

what is the toxic end-product of anaerobic fermentation?

A

lactic acid

119
Q

term used to describe a series of reactions, where each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

A

metabolic pathway

120
Q

energy molecule that is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions

A

ATP

BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology (58 decks)

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