Lecture 20 – NS VI – Integrative brain

Question 1

circadian rhythms are events that reoccur at intervals of about ___ hours

Answer 1

24

Question 2

sleep is characterized by…

Answer 2

stereotyped posture (lying down, eyes closed)

Question 3

define sleep paralysis

Answer 3

inhibition of muscular activity

Question 4

sleep is a (what kind of state)

Answer 4

temporary state of unconsciousness
one can awaken when stimulated

Question 5

sleep has a ___ effect

Answer 5

restorative

Question 6

how is sleep a restorative effect?

Answer 6

replenish energy sources
consulate and strengthen memories
growth hormone

Question 7

LO1: explain how the EEG is being used to delicate in which stages of sleep a person is.

what does EEG stand for?
what does an EEG represent?
what can EEG be used for?

Answer 7

electroencephalogram (EEG)

represents fluctuations in brain electrical activity

helps to diagnose degenerative brain disorders

Question 8

LO1: explain how the EEG is being used to delicate in which stages of sleep a person is.

what is common criteria for brain death?

Answer 8

lack of brain waves

Question 9

LO1: explain how the EEG is being used to delicate in which stages of sleep a person is.

brain waves (what are they?)

Answer 9

rhythmic voltage changes
caused by synchronized postsynaptic potentials –> local potentials, not AP
in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex

Question 10

LO1: explain how the EEG is being used to delicate in which stages of sleep a person is.

what is frequency?
what is amplitude?

Answer 10

frequency = # waves per sec
amplitude = size of wave

Question 11

LO1: explain how the EEG is being used to delicate in which stages of sleep a person is.

alpha (describe)

Answer 11

awake but resting (eyes closed)

Question 12

LO1: explain how the EEG is being used to delicate in which stages of sleep a person is.

beta (describe)

Answer 12

eyes open and performing mental tasks

Question 13

LO1: explain how the EEG is being used to delicate in which stages of sleep a person is.

theta (describe)

Answer 13

drowsy or sleepy (adults) / common in children

Question 14

LO1: explain how the EEG is being used to delicate in which stages of sleep a person is.

delta (describe)

Answer 14

deep sleep (adults)

Question 15

LO2: identify the main brain regions and hormones linked with the circadian clock

the body’s master clock is the…

it helps regulate…

Answer 15

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

sleep, body temp, urine production, hormone secretion

Question 16

LO2: identify the main brain regions and hormones linked with the circadian clock

melatonin is secreted in the ___ phase

melatonin regulates…

Answer 16

dark phase

regulates circadian rhythm
energy balance

triggers onset of sleep

Question 17

LO2: identify the main brain regions and hormones linked with the circadian clock

orexin is secreted in the ___ phase

orexin regulates…

Answer 17

light phase

regulates wakefulness
food intake

triggers waking

Question 18

LO3: explain brain regions related to emotion

emotion feelings come from interactions b/n…

Answer 18

prefrontal cortex (PFC) and diencephalon

Question 19

LO3: explain brain regions related to emotion

Answer 19

hippocampus
hypothalamus
PFC
striatum
amygdala

Question 20

LO3: explain brain regions related to emotion

hippocampus

Answer 20

memory consolidation of emotional events

Question 21

LO3: explain brain regions related to emotion

hypothalamus

Answer 21

somatic and visceral motor systems

Question 22

LO3: explain brain regions related to emotion

PFC

Answer 22

expression of feelings

Question 23

LO3: explain brain regions related to emotion

striatum

Answer 23

avoidance of stimuli

Question 24

LO3: explain brain regions related to emotion

amygdala

Answer 24

input from sensory systems

sends output to different brain areas

Question 25

LO4: list the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex

what are the 3 areas?

Answer 25

1) primary sensory areas

2) primary motor areas

3) association areas

Question 26

LO4: list the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex

1) primary sensory areas

Answer 26

somatic sensory

5 senses – olfaction, gustation, equilibrium (balance and body position), vision, hearing

general senses

Question 27

LO4: list the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex

2) primary motor areas

Answer 27

impulses that innervate voluntary skeletal muscles

Question 28

LO4: list the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex

3) association areas

Answer 28

cognition (integration of info)

Question 29

LO5: describe examples of cognitive defects caused by lesions in certain association areas

frontal lobe:

Answer 29

social interaction and problem solving

Question 30

LO5: describe examples of cognitive defects caused by lesions in certain association areas

temporal lobe:

Answer 30

identify stimuli

agnosia – inability to recognize or identify familiar objects

prosopagnosia – cannot recognize faces or facial expressions

Question 31

LO5: describe examples of cognitive defects caused by lesions in certain association areas

parietal lobe:

Answer 31

perceive and attend to stimuli

controls fine sensation

contralateral neglect syndrome –> unaware of objects or their own limbs on opposite side of body

Question 32

LO5: describe examples of cognitive defects caused by lesions in certain association areas

prefrontal cortex lesions cause…

Answer 32

personality disorders and socially inappropriate behaviors

Question 33

LO6: state the function of the regions of the cerebral cortex related to the special senses

primary sensory areas do what…

Answer 33

receive sensory impulses and pass it on to association sensory areas

Question 34

LO6: state the function of the regions of the cerebral cortex related to the special senses

association sensory areas do what…

Answer 34

integrate incoming sensory info from primary sensory areas

Question 35

LO6: state the function of the regions of the cerebral cortex related to the special senses

primary sensory areas:

Answer 35

primary gustatory cortex

primary visual cortex

primary auditory cortex

Question 36

LO6: state the function of the regions of the cerebral cortex related to the special senses

association sensory areas:

Answer 36

visual association area

auditory association area (helps understand spoken words)

Question 37

LO7: indicate the location of the somatosensory and motor areas of the cortex

Answer 37

precentral gyrus – primary motor cortex

postcentral gyrus – primary somatosensory cortex

Question 38

broca vs wernicke

Answer 38

broca is in the front

wernicke is in the back

broca is ability to form speech

wernicke is ability to understand speech

both in left hemisphere

Question 39

LO10: left vs right brain hemisphere

Answer 39

left – “categorical hemisphere”
- reasoning and analyzing math and science

right – “representational hemisphere”
- imagination and 3D and comparisons of sights, smells, sounds, taste