Chapter 1

Question 1

Mental Processes

Answer 1

Thinking, feeling, rationalizing, etc

Question 2

Behaviors

Answer 2

debating philosophy, competing in athletics, performing surgeries, etc

Question 3

What is critical thinking?

Answer 3

“The ability to think in a way that systematically questions and evaluates information using well supported evidence.”

Question 4

What does critical thinking allow us to do?

Answer 4

avoid biased interpretations,
understand what we do and do not “know”,
and form testable hypotheses

Question 5

What is nature?

Answer 5

“Who you are” based off of your genetics

Question 6

What is nurture?

Answer 6

“Who you are” based off of your surroundings and influences

Question 7

Rene Decartes

Answer 7

Dualism,
“I think therefore I am”

Question 8

Wilhelm Windt

Answer 8

1832-1920
created first psychological lab in Leipzig, Germany in 1876
self-report measure (introspection)

Question 9

E.B. Titchener

Answer 9

student of Wundt
structuralism
brought Wundt’s research of introspection to North America
first “great American psychologist”

Question 10

William James

Answer 10

1842-1910
functionalism - functions of our thoughts and feelings
first to bring up a “stream of consciousness”
wrote The Principles of Psychology

Question 11

Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 11

1863-1930
memory
“The self”
studied at Harvard, but was denied her degree
first APA female president in 1905

Question 12

John B. Watson

Answer 12

behaviorism - the scientific study of observable behavior
believed that there was no mind or thought, the behaviors were automatic
thinking was just a small movement in the larynx (back of throat)

Question 13

B.F. Skinner

Answer 13

1904-1990
continued on behaviorism
operant conditioning
famous for the Skinner Box Experiment Paradigm

Question 14

Sigmund Freud

Answer 14

1856-1939
first personality psychologist
psychodynamic theory and therapy
Id, ego, super ego (iceberg)
everything revolved around sex

Question 15

George A. Miller

Answer 15

1920-2012
cognitive revolution (study of mental processes that differentially influence behaviors)
believed that there were underlying cognitive processes that influenced behavior
“software” > “hardware”

Question 16

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 16

Wolfgang Kohler (1912)
suggested the whole human experience is not the sum of its different pieces
figure-ground

Question 17

Social Psychology

Answer 17

salient - obvious
how is behavior affected by others?
researchers - Floyd Allport, Soloman Asch, Kurt Lewin

Question 18

Cultural Psychology

Answer 18

humans are social beings that live in group settings
culture shapes beliefs and values
individualistic vs collectivistic

Question 19

Biological

Answer 19

brain systems, neurochem, genetics

Question 20

Individual

Answer 20

differences, perception and cognition, behavior

Question 21

social

Answer 21

interpersonal behavior, social cognition

Question 22

cultural

Answer 22

thoughts, actions, behaviors in different societies and cultural groups

Question 23

Basic researcher

Answer 23

conducts research to contribute to general knowledge on some topic of interest

Question 24

applied researcher

Answer 24

conducts research for pragmatic/practical solutions

Question 25

counseling psychologist

Answer 25

help people cope with challenges and crisis

Question 26

clinical psychologist

Answer 26

assess and treat people with mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders