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GCSE Geography > 1.2- Coastal Landscapes > Flashcards

1.2- Coastal Landscapes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of weathering?

A

chemical, biological and mechanical

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2
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

rocks reacting with slightly acidic water

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3
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

action of plants and animals causing the rocks to widen and split apart

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4
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

water falls into the cracks in rocks and freezes, causing it to expand. over time the repeated thawing and freezing causes the rocks to break apart

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5
Q

What is mass movement?

A

the downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity

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6
Q

What are 4 types of coastal erosion?

A

abrasion, attrition, hydraulic action and soloution

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7
Q

What is abrasion?

A

breaking waves containing sand erode the shoreline or headland. It is also known as the sandpaper effect.

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8
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

The sheer weight and impact of water compressing air in rock joints forcing them apart.

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9
Q

What is attrition?

A

rocks and pebbles carried by waves smashing together and breaking into smaller pieces

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10
Q

what is solution? (erosion)

A

the chemical action of seawater dissolving some rocks

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11
Q

What is soil creep?

A

individual particles of soil moving down a slope under 5he influence of gravity

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12
Q

What is sliding?

A

where material moves rapidly downslop in one go like a landslide.

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13
Q

What is slumping?

A

when the ground also rotates

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14
Q

What are flows?

A

masses of with water flowing like a liquid downhill

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15
Q

What what causes rain to become more acidic?

A

pollution

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16
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

the process at which sand is transported along the beach by waves.

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17
Q

What is traction?

A

large boulders being rolled along the seabed

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18
Q

What is salatation?

A

smaller stones being bounced along the seabed.

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19
Q

What is suspension?

A

sand and small particles being carried along in the flow

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20
Q

what is solution? (transportation)

A

some minerals being dissolved in seawater and carried along with the flow

21
Q

What is deposition?

A

the dropping of sediment

22
Q

What is the process of longshore drift?

A

waves approach the coastline at an acute angle. bringing sediment onto the beach with the swash. sediment is then dragged back down by the backwash under the force of gravity at a right angle. this process continues in a zig zag pattern moving sediment along the beach.

23
Q

what is a constructive wave?

A

a wave that deposits sand
swash is stronger than backwash
low energy
occur in calm conditions

24
Q

what is a destructive wave?

A

a wave that erodes sand
swash is weaker than backwash
high energy
occur in stormy conditions

25
Q

what is a concordant coast?

A

A coast that is made up of the same type of rock

26
Q

what is a discordant coast?

A

a coast that is made up of many different types of rock. it forms headlands and bays because some rock is erodes faster.

27
Q

what are joints?

A

smaller cracks in rocks

28
Q

what are faults?

A

larger cracks in rocks

29
Q

what are some effects of stormy weather?

A 
mass movement contribution
frequent storms erode landforms
beach sediment is removed
sand dunes can be removed by storms
flooding causes soil saturation
30
Q

what is coastal erosion?

A

the breakdown and removal of material along the coast

31
Q

what is coastal retreat?

A

when coastal erosion causes the coastline to move further inland

32
Q

what type of coastlines do headlands and bays develop on?

A

discordant ones

33
Q

hows are cliffs formed?

A

through weathering and erosion

34
Q

how are caves formed?

A

when the waves erode a weakness in the rock like a joint or fault

35
Q

how are arches formed?

A

when 2 caves erode from either side and meet in the middle

36
Q

what is a wave cut platform?

A

areas of flat rock at the bass of the cliff

37
Q

how are beaches formed?

A

the accumulation of sand and shingle formed by deposition and shaped by erosion

38
Q

What are spits?

A

narrow beaches of sand and shingle that are attached to land at one end. they extend across a bay or estuar

39
Q

what is a bar?

A

a spit that extends further and is joined at both ends

40
Q

how are bars formed?

A

a bar forms in the same way as a spit, with longshore drift depositing materialaway from the coast until a long ridge is built up. but unlike a spit, a bar then grows all the way across the bay so that a stretch of water is cut off to form a lagoon.

41
Q

what landforms does deposition form?

A

beaches
spits
bars

42
Q

why is urbanisation bad for coasts?

A

the weight of the buildings makes cliffs more vunerable

changes to drainage increases soil saturation

43
Q

why is agriculture bad for coasts?

A

it increases soil erosion

it increases sedimentation

44
Q

why is industry bad for coasts?

A

it increases air, noise and pollution

it can destroy animal habitats

45
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of seawalls

A 
protect cliffs
very expensive(£10000/metre)
restrict access to the beach
46
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of Groynes?

A

prevent sea removing sand

cheaper (£2000/metre)

47
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of rip rap defences?

A

rocks absorb wave energy

cheaper (£3000/metre)

48
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of beach replenishment?

A

reduces wave energy
maintains tourism
cheaper (£2000/ metre)

49
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of offshore reefs?

A 
waves break on reef and lose power
more expensive (£5000/ metre)

GCSE Geography (20 decks)

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