1.2- Coastal Landscapes

Question 1

What are the 3 types of weathering?

Answer 1

chemical, biological and mechanical

Question 2

What is chemical weathering?

Answer 2

rocks reacting with slightly acidic water

Question 3

What is biological weathering?

Answer 3

action of plants and animals causing the rocks to widen and split apart

Question 4

What is mechanical weathering?

Answer 4

water falls into the cracks in rocks and freezes, causing it to expand. over time the repeated thawing and freezing causes the rocks to break apart

Question 5

What is mass movement?

Answer 5

the downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity

Question 6

What are 4 types of coastal erosion?

Answer 6

abrasion, attrition, hydraulic action and soloution

Question 7

What is abrasion?

Answer 7

breaking waves containing sand erode the shoreline or headland. It is also known as the sandpaper effect.

Question 8

What is hydraulic action?

Answer 8

The sheer weight and impact of water compressing air in rock joints forcing them apart.

Question 9

What is attrition?

Answer 9

rocks and pebbles carried by waves smashing together and breaking into smaller pieces

Question 10

what is solution? (erosion)

Answer 10

the chemical action of seawater dissolving some rocks

Question 11

What is soil creep?

Answer 11

individual particles of soil moving down a slope under 5he influence of gravity

Question 12

What is sliding?

Answer 12

where material moves rapidly downslop in one go like a landslide.

Question 13

What is slumping?

Answer 13

when the ground also rotates

Question 14

What are flows?

Answer 14

masses of with water flowing like a liquid downhill

Question 15

What what causes rain to become more acidic?

Answer 15

pollution

Question 16

What is longshore drift?

Answer 16

the process at which sand is transported along the beach by waves.

Question 17

What is traction?

Answer 17

large boulders being rolled along the seabed

Question 18

What is salatation?

Answer 18

smaller stones being bounced along the seabed.

Question 19

What is suspension?

Answer 19

sand and small particles being carried along in the flow

Question 20

what is solution? (transportation)

Answer 20

some minerals being dissolved in seawater and carried along with the flow

Question 21

What is deposition?

Answer 21

the dropping of sediment

Question 22

What is the process of longshore drift?

Answer 22

waves approach the coastline at an acute angle. bringing sediment onto the beach with the swash. sediment is then dragged back down by the backwash under the force of gravity at a right angle. this process continues in a zig zag pattern moving sediment along the beach.

Question 23

what is a constructive wave?

Answer 23

a wave that deposits sand
swash is stronger than backwash
low energy
occur in calm conditions

Question 24

what is a destructive wave?

Answer 24

a wave that erodes sand
swash is weaker than backwash
high energy
occur in stormy conditions

Question 25

what is a concordant coast?

Answer 25

A coast that is made up of the same type of rock

Question 26

what is a discordant coast?

Answer 26

a coast that is made up of many different types of rock. it forms headlands and bays because some rock is erodes faster.

Question 27

what are joints?

Answer 27

smaller cracks in rocks

Question 28

what are faults?

Answer 28

larger cracks in rocks

Question 29

what are some effects of stormy weather?

Answer 29

``` mass movement contribution frequent storms erode landforms beach sediment is removed sand dunes can be removed by storms flooding causes soil saturation ```

Question 30

what is coastal erosion?

Answer 30

the breakdown and removal of material along the coast

Question 31

what is coastal retreat?

Answer 31

when coastal erosion causes the coastline to move further inland

Question 32

what type of coastlines do headlands and bays develop on?

Answer 32

discordant ones

Question 33

hows are cliffs formed?

Answer 33

through weathering and erosion

Question 34

how are caves formed?

Answer 34

when the waves erode a weakness in the rock like a joint or fault

Question 35

how are arches formed?

Answer 35

when 2 caves erode from either side and meet in the middle

Question 36

what is a wave cut platform?

Answer 36

areas of flat rock at the bass of the cliff

Question 37

how are beaches formed?

Answer 37

the accumulation of sand and shingle formed by deposition and shaped by erosion

Question 38

What are spits?

Answer 38

narrow beaches of sand and shingle that are attached to land at one end. they extend across a bay or estuar

Question 39

what is a bar?

Answer 39

a spit that extends further and is joined at both ends

Question 40

how are bars formed?

Answer 40

a bar forms in the same way as a spit, with longshore drift depositing materialaway from the coast until a long ridge is built up. but unlike a spit, a bar then grows all the way across the bay so that a stretch of water is cut off to form a lagoon.

Question 41

what landforms does deposition form?

Answer 41

beaches spits bars

Question 42

why is urbanisation bad for coasts?

Answer 42

the weight of the buildings makes cliffs more vunerable | changes to drainage increases soil saturation

Question 43

why is agriculture bad for coasts?

Answer 43

it increases soil erosion | it increases sedimentation

Question 44

why is industry bad for coasts?

Answer 44

it increases air, noise and pollution | it can destroy animal habitats

Question 45

what are the advantages and disadvantages of seawalls

Answer 45

``` protect cliffs very expensive(£10000/metre) restrict access to the beach ```

Question 46

what are the advantages and disadvantages of Groynes?

Answer 46

prevent sea removing sand | cheaper (£2000/metre)

Question 47

what are the advantages and disadvantages of rip rap defences?

Answer 47

rocks absorb wave energy | cheaper (£3000/metre)

Question 48

what are the advantages and disadvantages of beach replenishment?

Answer 48

reduces wave energy maintains tourism cheaper (£2000/ metre)

Question 49

what are the advantages and disadvantages of offshore reefs?

Answer 49

``` waves break on reef and lose power more expensive (£5000/ metre) ```