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Musculoskeletal System > 12. Lower Limb II: Knee to Foot (HARC) > Flashcards

12. Lower Limb II: Knee to Foot (HARC) Flashcards

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1
Q

name for the KNEE CAP bone

A

PATELLA

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2
Q

2 LEG BONES

A

TIBIA (medial)
FIBULA (lateral)

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3
Q

part on the DISTAL end of the TIBIA:

A

MEDIAL MALLEOLUS

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4
Q

part on the DISTAL end of the FIBULA

A

LATERAL MALLEOLUS

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5
Q

2 parts on the DISTAL FEMUR

A

LATERAL CONDYLE
MEDIAL CONDYLE

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6
Q

what can you find on the LATERAL and MEDIAL CONDYLES of the FEMUR that are the attachment sites for ligaments
(TIPS, can feel)

A

LATERAL EPICONDYLE
MEDIAL EPICONDYLE

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7
Q

name for the BUMP (BIG) on the TIBIA

A

TIBIAL TUBEROSITY

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8
Q

3 types of BUMPS on BONES that muscles attach to :

A
  • Tubercle (small)
  • Tuberosity (middle)
  • Trochanter (big) (femur)

bigger bumps = more powerful muscles attach

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9
Q

name for SUPERIOR , FLAT part of TIBIA with 2 parts

A

TIBIAL PLATEAU

  • MEDIAL CONDYLE
  • LATERAL CONDYLE
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10
Q

name for the LINE found on the POSTERIOR surface of TIBIA

A

SOLEAL LINE

  • SOLEUS muscle attaches
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11
Q

which side of the TIBIA is the SOLEAL LINE found

A

POSTERIOR

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12
Q

3 parts of PROXIMAL FIBULA

A

APEX (projection)
HEAD
NECK

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13
Q

DISTAL FIBULA there is:

A

LATERAL MALLEOLUS

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14
Q

what is BETWEEN the FIBULA and TIBIA

A

INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANE

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15
Q

JOINT between TIBIA and FIBULA

A

DISTAL & PROXIMAL
TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT

very little movement

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16
Q

the MEDIAL MALLEOLUS is a PALPABLE FEATURE of which BONE

A

TIBIA

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17
Q

what type of JOINT is the KNEE JOINT

A

SYNOVIAL
HINGE JOINT (UNIAXIAL)

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18
Q

what AXIAL is the KNEE JOINT

A

UNIAXIAL - 1 AXIS

(mainly) 1 MOVEMENT: FLEXION/EXTENSION

but also some rotation & translation

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19
Q

which BONES make up the KNEE JOINT

A

FEMUR
PATELLA
TIBIA

(NOT fibula)

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20
Q

2 ARTICULATIONS at the KNEE JOINT

A

TIBIOFEMORAL JOINT (main)
-between femur and tibia

PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT
- between femur and patella

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21
Q

what do you find in the KNEE JOINT
BETWEEN the FEMORAL and TIBIAL CONDYLES

A

MENISCI

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22
Q

which features add STABILITY to the KNEE JOINT

A
  • MENISCI
  • 4 major LIGAMENTS (2 pairs: cruciate, collateral)
  • muscles
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23
Q

the MENISCI are a PAIR of…

A

SEMILUNAR FIBROCARTILAGE DISCS in the knee joint

MEDIAL MENISCI
LATERAL MENISCI

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24
Q

Structure of MEDIAL MENISCI

A
  • C-SHAPED with wide base
  • well ANCHORED to TIBIA (firmly fixed down)

therefore LESS MOBILE
(MORE RISK to injury)

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25
Structure of LATERAL MENISCI
- ALMOST O SHAPE smaller gap - less firmly fixed down so MORE MOBILE (can move with femur) LESS RISK to injury
26
which MENISCUS is at MORE RISK to INJURY and why
MEDIAL MENISCI as it is LESS MOBILE
27
3 FUNCTIONS of the MENISCI
1. INCREASE CONTACT AREA (main function) - increases up to 60% 2. SHOCK ABSORBER 3. PROPRIOCEPTION - ability to sense movement, action, and location (lots of proprioceptive fibres)
28
TYPES/PAIRS of LIGAMENTS in the KNEE JOINT:
- CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS - COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS
29
what are the 2 CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS in the KNEE JOINT ('cruciate' = 'crossed')
ACL - ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT attaches to anterior tibia PCL - POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT attaches to posterior tibia
30
FUNCTION of the CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS ACL & PCL
RESIST EXCESSIVE TIBIAL TRANSLATION (limit movement) ACL: RESIST EXCESSIVE ANTERIOR TIBIAL TRANSLATION PCL: RESIST EXCESSIVE POSTERIOR TIBIAL TRANSLATION
31
how to TEST for CRUCIATE ACL/PCL FUNCTION and what results mean
TEST FOR INJURY hold thigh and calf. pull anteriorly to test ACL and push posteriorly to test PCL (LACHMAN TEST) if ACL TEAR: EXCESS anterior MOVEMENT of TIBIA if PCL TEAR: EXCESS posterior MOVEMENT of TIBIA if CRUCIATE are FUNCTIONING: LIMIT THE MOVEMENT excessive = >5mm
32
which CRUCIATE TEAR is MORE COMMON and what is it CAUSED by: treatment?
ACL TEAR - caused by MEDIAL ROTATION with a FIXED LEG usually when RUNNING FORWARD usually NON-IMPACT injury TREATMENT BY RECONSTRUCTION - TENDON AUTOGRAFT
33
what are the 2 COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS (where are they attached to/from)
MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT (from Medial Epicondyle of femur to medial surface of Tibia) LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT (from Lateral Epicondyle of femur to the Head of the Fibula)
34
where are the 2 COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS
EITHER SIDE of the KNEE JOINT
35
FUNCTION of the COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS - MEDIAL & LATERAL
STABILILE the KNEE in the CORONAL PLANE
36
Which COLLATERAL LIGAMENT is THICKER & STRONGER
MCL MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
37
which COLLATERAL LIGAMENT is MORE COMMONLY INJURED and why
MCL MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT much MORE FORCE on the MEDIAL SIDE
38
which COLLATERAL LIGAMENT is THIN and EXTRACAPSULAR
LCL LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
39
how is the LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT in FLEXION
LOOSE therefore LESS LIKELY TO INJURE
40
3 TYPES of BONES in the FOOT
TARSALS METATARSALS PHALANGES
41
name the TARSALS in the FOOT
CALCANEOUS (heel bone) TALUS (forms ankle joint) NAVICULAR CUBOID CUNEIFORM BONES: LATERAL CUNEIFORM INTERMEDIATE CUNEIFORM MEDIAL CUNEIFORM
42
How are the METATARSALS in the FOOT names
1-5 1 at medial end 5 at lateral end
43
How are the PHALANGES named
1st DIGIT (big toe) 2nd DIGIT 3rd DIGIT 4th DIGIT 5th DIGIT (little toe)
44
3 parts in each PHALANGE
DISTAL INTERMEDIATE PROXIMAL BUT only DISTAL & PROXIMAL in 1ST DIGIT (big toe)
45
name of the ANKLE JOINT
TALOCRURAL JOINT between TALUS and LEG (TIBIA & FIBULA)
46
4 JOINTS in the FOOT
SUBTALAR JOINTS: Talo-calcaneal joint, Talo-calcaneao-navicular joint TARSO-METATARSAL JOINTS (between tarsals and metatarsals) METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT (between metatarsals and proximal phalanges) INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS (between the Phalanges)
47
what TYPE of JOINT is the TALOCRURAL JOINT (ANKLE)
SYNOVIAL HINGE JOINT
48
what axial is the TALOCRURAL JOINT
UNIAXIAL - ONE MOVEMENT ONLY: DORSIFLEXION/PLANTARFLEXION
49
is DORSIFLEXION at the ankle joint a flexion or extension
EXTENSION
50
is PLANTARFLEXION at the ankle joint a flexion or extension
FLEXION
51
which ANKLE JOINT MOVEMENT is MORE STABLE
DORSIFLEXION due to WIDE ANTERIOR of the TALUS
52
which ANKLE JOINT MOVEMENT has MORE RISK of INJURY
PLANTARFLEXION (can move more due to narrow posterior of talus)
53
what is the reason for bones being MORE CONGRUENT (in agreement) in DORSIFLEXION hence MORE STABILITY than in PLANTARFLEXION
IRREGULAR SHAPE of the TALUS BONE - WIDE ANTERIOR fills joint space - restricting movement - NARROW POSTERIOR
54
what MOVEMENTS occur by the SUBTALAR JOINT of the FOOT
INVERSION / EVERSION
55
there is more MOVEMENT in INVERSION or EVERSION
INVERSION
56
ANKLE LIGAMENTS: MEDIAL & LATERAL NAME of the MEDIAL LIGAMENT
DELTOID LIGAMENT
57
how do the MEDIAL & LATERAL ANKLE LIGAMENTS DIFFER
MEDIAL: - SINGLE -THICK, STRONG ligament Deltoid ligament - more STABLE LATERAL: - NUMEROUS - THINNER, WEAKER MORE HYPERINVERSION INJURIES
58
HYPERINVERSION INJURIES are MORE COMMON in which ANKLE LIGAMENTS
LATERAL LIGAMENTS
59
HALLUCIS in a muscle name means it attaches where
BIG TOE
60
TERTIUS in a muscle means it is
the THIRD muscle (there are 2 others of the same type)
61
name for the BACK of the KNEE
POPLITEAL FOSSA
62
3 COMPARTMENTS of the LEG (calf)
ANTERIOR LATERAL POSTERIOR Generally have: - Common function for muscles - Common nerve supply - Common blood supply
63
COMPARTMENTS of the LEG are DIVIDED by THICK FASICA: (2)
INTERMUSCULAR SEPTUM INTEROSSEUS MEMBRANE
64
FUNCTION of the MUSCLES in the LATERAL COMPARTMENT of the LEG
EVERSION of ankle
65
LATERAL COMPARTMENT of LEG MUSCLES: (EVERTORS)
- FIBULARIS LONGUS - FIULARIS BREVIS
66
LATERAL compartment muscles (FIBULARIS LONGUS, FIULARIS BREVIS) PASS INTO the FOOT from BEHIND...
BEHIND the MEDIAL MALLEOLUS
67
the FIBULARIS BREVIS (EVERTOR MUSCLE) attaches to which bone in the FOOT
5th METATARSAL
68
the FIBULARIS LONGUS (EVERTOR MUSCLE) attaches to which bone in the FOOT
1st METATARSAL - goes around/across the foot
69
FUNCTION of the LEG MUSCLES in the ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT
- DORSIFLEXION & INVERSION of ankle - EXTENSION of TOES
70
which muscle in the ANTERIOR LEG is the PRIMARY DORSIFLEXOR & PRIMARY INVERTOR
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR (important muscle)
71
PAIR of TOE EXTENSORS in the ANTERIOR LEG:
- EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS (big toe) - EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
72
EVERTOR muscle in the ANTERIOR COMPARTENT
FIBULARIS TERTIUS
73
which LEG COMPARTMENT is the LARGEST
POSTERIOR
74
FUNCTIONS of the SUPERFICIAL layer of the POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT of the leg
PLANTARFLEXION of ankle FLEXION of the KNEE
75
MUSCLES in the SUPERFICIAL LAYER of the POSTERIOR LEG
- TRICEPS SURAE ('3 headed muscle of the calf'): GASTROCNEMIUS (2 HEADS) SOLEUS (1 HEAD) (on soleal line) - PLANTARIS (back of the knee joint, very long tendon going all the way down)
76
MUSCLES in the TRICEPS SURAE of the POSTERIOR LEG
- GASTROCNEMIUS (2 HEADS) - SOLEUS (1 HEAD)
77
MUSCLES in the TRICEPS SURAE of the POSTERIOR LEG (GASTROCNEMIUS & SOLEUS) DISTALLY FUSE to become...
the CALCANEAL TENDON (aka ACHILLES TENDON)
78
MUSCLES in the TRICEPS SURAE of the POSTERIOR LEG (GASTROCNEMIUS & SOLEUS) are powerful...
PLANTARFLEXORS (GASTROCNEMIUS is also a KNEE FLEXOR)
79
is the PLANTARIS part of the CALCANEAL TENDON
NO - NEXT TO IT assists in PLANTARFLEXION & KNEE FLEXION
80
FUNCTIONS of the DEEP layer of the POSTERIOR compartment of the LEG
- PLANTARFLEXION & INVERSION - FLEXION of TOES
81
MUSCLE in DEEP POSTERIOR LEG for PLANTARFLEXION & INVERSION
TIBIALIS POSTERIOR (homologous to tibialis anterior - dorsiflexion & inversion in anterior)
82
PAIR of TOE FLEXORS in the DEEP POSTERIOR leg
- FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS (digits 2-5) - FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS (big toe)
83
TOE FLEXORS in DEEP POSTERIOR leg ( flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus) TENDONS ENTER THE FOOT behind...
enter the foot BEHIND the MEDIAL MALLEOLUS (TARSAL TUNNEL)
84
DEEP POSTERIOR leg: POPLITEUS muscle function
MEDIAL ROATION of the KNEE ('unlocks' knee for flexion)
85
DEEP POSTERIOR leg: where is the POPLITEUS MUSCLE
in the POPLITEAL FOSSA (back of knee)
86
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT of the leg (dorsiflexion & inversion) is INNVERATED by which NERVE
DEEP FIBULA NERVE
87
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT of leg (plantarflexion) is INNERVATED by which NERVE
TIBIAL NERVE
88
LATERAL COMPARTMENT of leg (eversion) is INNVERVATED by which NERVE
SUPERFICIAL FIBULAR NERVE
89
MEDIAL and LATERAL MENISCI of knee are connected by..
TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT
90
ACL, PCL, MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT & LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT are which STABILISERS of the KNEE
PRIMARY
91
what are the SECONDARY STABILISERS of the KNEE
thigh & leg MUSCLES
92
which muscle is PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE for DORSIFLEXION and INVERSION of the FOOT
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR

Musculoskeletal System (18 decks)

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