- FIBROUS JOINTS - CARTILAGINOUR JOINTS - SYNOVIAL JOINTS

1. Introduction of MSK Flashcards by Ibby Khan

Examples of MSK DISORDERS

Osteoporosis (loss of bone usually age-related)
Osteomalacia (poor mineralisation, lack of vitamin D)
Bony metastases (esp. breast and prostate)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis

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3 FUNCTIONS of MSK system

SUPPORT for other organs
PROTECTION
MOVEMENT

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METABOLIC FUNCTIONS of BONE (3)

a STORE for MINERALS especially CALCIUM
HAEMOPOIESIS : production of BLOOD CELLS and PLATELETS from bone MARROW
ENDOCRINE: OSTEOCALCIN hormone in bone, made by OSTEBLASTS

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which HORMONE is found in BONE and what does it do

OSTEOCALCIN

improves body’s ability to handle sugar and keep fat mass low

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approx TOTAL CALCIUM and IONISED CALCIUM in BONES

approx total: 2.4 mM

approx Ionised: 1.2 mM

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MUSCLE ACTIVITY (EXERCISE) leads to: (4)

INCREASED VENOUS RETURN (flow of blood back to heart)
IMPROVED muscle INSULIN SENSITIVITY (more glucose uptake)
RELEASE of MYOKINES (cytokines from myocytes)
IMPROVED SERUM LIPID PROFILES (blood test that measures the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in your blood)

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MUSCOSKELETAL TISSUES (7)

MUSCLE
TENDON
LIGAMENT
HYALINE CARTILAGE
FIBROCARTILAGE
BONE
SYNOVIUM

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MUSCLE
Major mechanical function?
Composition?

CONTRACTION
HIGHLY CELLULAR
very LITTLE ECM

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TENDON
Major mechanical function?
Composition?

RESIST UNIAXAL TENSION
mainly COLLAGEN I
SMALL amount of PROTEOGLYCAN

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LIGAMENT
Major mechanical function?
Composition?

RESIST TENSION
mainly COLLAGEN I
some PROTEOGLYCAN

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TENDON BINDS..

MUSCLE to BONE

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LIGAMENT BINDS…

BONE to BONE

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HYALINE CARTILAGE
Major mechanical function?
Composition?

RESIST COMPRESSION and TENSION
COLLAGEN II
PROTEOGLYCAN & WATER

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FIBROCARTILAGE
Major mechanical function?
Composition?

RESIST COMPRESSION and TENSTION
COLLAGEN I & II
PROTEOGLYCAN & WATER

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BONE
Major mechanical function?
Composition?

RESIST COMPRESSION & TENSION
COLLAGEN I
MINERAL - HYDROXYAPATITE (a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite/calcium phosphate)

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SYNOVIUM
Major mechanical function?
Composition?

LUBRICATION
mainly CELLULAR

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which COLLAGEN is the MOST ABUNDANT collagen found in CONNECTIVE TISSUES including SKIN, TENDON, and BONE TISSUE

COLALGEN I

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which COLLAGEN PRIMARILY makes up CARTILAGE

COLLGEN II

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what make up ECM (extracellular matrix) of CONNECTIVE TISSUES (2)

GROUND SUSTANCE
glycosaminoglycans & proteoglycans

FIBROUS PROTEINS
- elastic fibre
- collagen fibre
- reticular fibre

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RESIDENT CELLS in CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Mesenchymal cell
Macrophage
Adipocyte
Fibroblast

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES (MESENCHYMAL TISSUES) provide…

STRUCTURAL & METABOLIC SUPPORT to OTHER TISSUES

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES consist of

CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS EMBEDDED in a LARGE AMOUNT of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

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what is SKELETAL/STRIATED MUSCLE

highly cellular, contractile tissue

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3 TYPES of JOINTS

FIBROUS JOINTS
CARTILAGINOUR JOINTS
SYNOVIAL JOINTS

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FIBROUS JOINTS are

FIXED

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

LIMITED MOVEMENT

SYNOVIAL JOINT

FREELY MOVEABLE

SYNOVIAL JOINT

- joint capsule - SYNOVIUM/SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE (lines inside of joint capsule) - ARTICULAR CARTILAGE - FIBROCARTILAGE - synovial fluid

how does TENDON CONNECT to BONE

through SHARPEY'S FIBRES

TENDON

* HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH * TRANSMITS MUSCULAR CONTRACTION to MOVEMENT OF BONE * PARALLEL BUNDLES of DENSELY PACKED COLLAGEN FIBRES * UNIAXAL force (single axis, 1 DIRECTION) * connects to bone through Sharpey’s fibres * some tendons have important ELASTIC properties

TENDONS are comprised of

PARALLEL bundles of DENSELY packed COLLAGEN fibres

FORCES in TENDONS (Axis)

UNIAXIAL

FORCES in LIGAMENTS (axis)

MULTIAXIAL

what do MULTIAXIAL FORCES of LIGAMENTS mean for the ligament

not so highly organised parallel bundles

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE is a...

HYALINE CARTILAGE

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE is.. function...

smooth, white tissue that covers the ENDS of BONES where they come together to form joints provide a SMOOTH, LUBRICATED SURFACE

what do we have at ARTICULAR SURFACE

FLATTENED CHONDROCYTES

CONSEQUENCE of LOSS of ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

NO PROTECTION from wear & tear BONE BREAKS DOWN / RUB TOGETHER leads to OSTEOARTHIRITIS

what is SYNOVIUM / SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

- Specialised connective tissue - lines inside of joint CAPSULE - DELICATE tissue which is hard to identify but can become THICKENED in DISEASES such as rheumatoid arthritis

SYNOVIUM / SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE produces...

COMPONENTS of SYNOVIAL FLUID including HYLURONIC ACID

SYNOIVUM/ SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE consists of 2 CELL TYPES:

- FIBROBLASTS - MACROPHAGE-LIKE cells

what is BONE

SPECIALISED form of CONNECTIVE TISSUE designed to withstand HIGH COMPRESSIVE LOADS by the inclusion of mineral in the fibrous matrix - STORE for MINERAL IONS particularly CALCIUM

LONG BONES ARE COMPOSED OF

Cylindrical Shaft: DIAPHYSIS connected to Expanded Ends via EPIPHYSES joined by METAPYSES

SHELL of COMPACT BONE surrounds the...

MEDULLARY / MARROW CAVITY

what happens in the MEDULLARY / MARROW CAVITY

SITE of PRODUCTION of BLOOD CELLS in immature animals - RED MARROW becomes progressively REPLACED by ADIPOSE TISSUE -YELLOW MARROW

the OUTER SURFACE of bone is COVERED BY... (except at articular surfaces) which is composed of...

PERIOSTEUM (periosteal surface) - This tissue is composed of an INNER LAYER of OSTEOGENIC CELLS and an OUTER FIBROUS LAYER

INNER LAYER of PERIOSTEUM

OSTEOGENIC CELLS

OUTER LAYER of PERIOSTEUM

FIBROUS LAYER

the INNER SURFACE of BONE (including all trabecular surfaces) are covered by ..

the ENDOSTEUM (endosteal surface) - a CELLULAR LAYER

what OCCUPIES the MEDULLARY CAVITY at the METAPHYSIS

SPONGY BONE

2 FORMS of BONE

- COMPACT BONE high proportion of bone with few spaces - SPONGY/CANCELLOUS/TRABECULAR BONE n which there is a low proportion of bone and a lot of space

SPONGY/CANCELLOUS/TRABECULAR BONE is composed of...

a network of rods and plates called TRABECULAE

BONE MATRIX

- Type I collagen, bone proteoglycan and some non-collagenous proteins osteocalcin, osteonectin - Mineral, hydroxyapaptite, a complex calcium phosphate salt

in BONE MATRIX, COLLAGEN can be laid down into distinct patterns: (2)

- WOVEN BONE - LAMELLAR BONE

what is WOVEN BONE

an IMMATURE form with RANDOM fibre orientation, laid down during RAPID GROWTH and FRACTURE REPAIR (callus)

what is LAMELLAR BONE composed of

SUCCESSIVE LAYERS of COLALGEN FIBRES with DISTINCT orientation.

what is the main form of BONE FORMATION and GROWTH

ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION - BONE REPLACES existing CARTILAGE model

what does BONE ADAPT TO

LOADING - WOLFF'S LAW

what are OSTEOBLASTS

cells that PRODUCE NEW BONE

what is an OSTEOID

NEW BONE MATRIX - NOT YET MINERALISED

what are OSTEOCLASTS

DEGRADE/RESORB BONE - to initiate normal bone remodelling

how does BONE MASS CHANGE with AGE

DECREASES (peak around 30 years old) (women- bone loss due to menopause)

1. Introduction of MSK Flashcards

(62 cards)