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Musculoskeletal System > 8. Tendon and Ligament > Flashcards

8. Tendon and Ligament Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUES are VITAL to FUNCTIONING of the…

A

JOINTS

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2
Q

there are 6 MAJOR TYPES of of connective tissues:

A
  • LOOSE connective tissue
  • FIBROUS connective tissue
  • BONE
  • ADIPOSE TISSUE
  • CARTILAGE
    -BLOOD
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3
Q

what does TENDON do

A

LINK MUSCLE to BONE

  • transmits FORCE for MOVEMENT

Not all tendons are required to perform the same functional role

there are
ENERGY-STORING TENDONS & POSITIONAL TENDONS

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4
Q

what is the ROLE of a LIGAMENT

A

LINKS BONE to BONE

  • ASSISTS in STABILISATION of JOINT
  • PREVENTS EXCESSIVE MOTION
  • RESTRICTS MOVEMENT

also ABSORBS SHOCK

(high tensile strength)

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5
Q

what is it called when a TENDON is TORN/OVERSTRETCHED

A

STRAIN

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6
Q

what is it called when a LIGAMENT is TORN/OVERSTRETCHED

A

SPRAIN

(ACL commonly injured)

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7
Q

how is COLLAGEN in TENDONS/LIGAMENTS HIGHLY ORGANISED

A

collagen molecule

-> COLLAGEN FIBRILS

-> COLLAGEN FIBRES

-> COLLAGEN FASCICLE

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8
Q

in TENDONS/LIGAMENTS what can you find around the collagen FASCICLES (2)

A

EPITENON / EPILIGAMENT
- loose connective tissue surrounding fascicles

INTERFASCICULAR MATRIX

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9
Q

how are FIBROBLASTS arranges in LIGAMENT

A

DISPERSED in LIGAMENT MATRIX and OUTER VASCULAR EPITENON layer

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10
Q

TENDON VS LIGAMENT
TENDON:

(links?
elastic?
how are fibres arranged?
cells?
ECM composition)

A

BONE TO MUSCLE

NON-ELASTIC and TOUGH

collagen fibres as COMPACT, PARALLEL bundles

TENOCYTE cells

ECM: TYPE 1 COLLAGEN
PROTEOGLYCANS
ELASTIN

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11
Q

TENDON VS LIGAMENT
LIGAMENT:

(links?
elastic?
how are fibres arranged?
cells?
ECM composition)

A

BONE TO BONE

ELASTIC and STRONG

CROSS-CONNECTING, COMPACT collagen bundles
(non-parallel)

LIGAMENTOCYTE cells

ECM: TYPE 1 COLLAGEN
PROTEOGLYCANS
ELASTIN

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12
Q

ECM in both TENDONS and LIGAMENTS consists of

A

TYPE 1 COLLAGEN
PROTEOGLYCANS
ELASTIN

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13
Q

how does the ECM COMPOSITION in LIGAMENTS DIFFER to in TENDONS

A
  • MORE PROTEOGLYCAN
  • MORE ELASTIN
  • mixed cell morphology
  • MORE CARTILAGINOUS PROTEINS
    eg. TYPE II COLLAGEN, AGGRECAN
  • LESS COMPACT
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14
Q

TENDONS DEVELOPMENT can be Organised into 3 AREAS

A
  • HEAD tendons
  • AXIAL tendons
  • LIMB tendons

all originate from different things in embryology

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15
Q

where do AXIAL TENDONS ORIGINATE from

A

SOMITES

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16
Q

where do HEAD TENDONS ORIGINATE from

A

NEURAL CREST CELLS

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17
Q

where do LIMB TENDONS ORIGINATE from

A

LIMB LATERAL PLATE

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18
Q

how does MUSCLE DEPENDENCY VARY in DIFFERENT TENDONS:

HEAD AND LIMB TENDONS:

A
  • tendons INITIATE development INDEPENDENTLY
  • FUTHER DEVELOPMENT REQUIRES A MUSCLE
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19
Q

how does MUSCLE DEPENDENCY VARY in DIFFERENT TENDONS:

AXIAL TENDONS:

A

INITIATION REQUIRES A MUSCLE

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20
Q

what is SCX in TENDON&LIGAMENT DEVELOPMENT

and how is the expression

A

the EARLIEST KNOWN MARKER of tendon/ligament DEVELOPMENT

REGULATES downstream TENDON-RELATED GENES during development

  • EXPRESSION DECREASES after BIRTH
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21
Q

what do Egr1 and Mkx do in TENDON DEVELOPMENT

And how is the expression

Study These Flashcards
A

SUPPORT DIFFERENTIATION
( from MESENCHYMAL CELLS to TENOCYTES to TENDON)

EXPRESSION PERSISTS THROUGHOUT POSTNATAL MATURATION
- important for tissue maintenance in adult life

22
Q

how are FORCES APPLIED in TENDONS VS in LIGAMENTS

Study These Flashcards
A

TENDONS: UNIAXIAL
acts in only 1 DIRECTION

LIGAMENT: forces may be applied in a number of directions depending on the range of motion of the associated joint

23
Q

TENDONS and LIGAMENTS are…
(behaviour)

Study These Flashcards
A

VISCOELASTIC

  • VISCOUS and ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR
    (the material to some extent both behaves like a liquid and a solid material, and that it has a time-dependent strain)
24
Q

how is VISCOELASTICITY REPRESENTED

Study These Flashcards
A

in a STRESS AND STRAIN CURVE

25
In a STRESS & STRAIN CURVE what happens BEYOND 2% STRAIN
CRIMPLED FIBRES are STRAIGHTENED
26
In a STRESS & STRAIN CURVE what happens LESS THAN 4% STRAIN
Tendon/Ligament RETURNS TO ORIGINAL LENGTH when unloaded
27
In a STRESS & STRAIN CURVE what happens BETWEEN 4%-8%
COLLAGEN FIBRES begin to SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER as CROSS LINKS start to FAIL - MICROSCOPIC FAILURE (PARTIAL RUPTURE)
28
In a STRESS & STRAIN CURVE what happens ABOVE 8% STRAIN
MACROSCOPIC FAILURE (visible)
29
VISCOUS is..
TIME-DEPENDENT
30
3 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS of VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES of tendons:
- STRESS RELAXTION time-dependent DECREASE in load ability to REDUCE STRESS over time - CREEP time-dependent DEFORMATION under constant LOAD ability to increase elongation strain - HYSTERESIS UNLOADING and LOADING CURVES are DIFFERENT- can measure by difference in curves difference represents amount of ENERGY RELEASED in loading/unloading
31
tendons and ligaments are ... responsive, meaning
MECHANO-RESPONSIVE can ADAPT to altered MECHANICAL LOADING
32
Tendons & ligaments are LARGELY MADE UP OF..
COLLAGEN
33
how many different types of COLLAGEN
At least 28
34
what is COLLAGEN MADE UP OF / STRUCTURE
AMINO ACIDS Wound to form TRIPLE HELIX - 3 POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS which are ALLIGNED in ELONGATED FIBRILS (there are also non-fibrillar collagens)
35
AMINO ACID repeats in COLLAGEN
GLYCINE (Gly) PROLINE (X) HYDROXY PROLINE / HYDROXY LYSINE (Y)
36
where is TYPE I COLLAGEN FOUND
BONE SKIN TENDONS/LIGAMENTS
37
Swhere is TYPE II COLLAGEN FOUND
CARTILAGE
38
where is TYPE III COLLAGEN FOUND
EXTENSIBLE CONNECTIVE TISSUE - SKIN - LUNG - VASCULAR SYSTEM
39
IMPORTANT ROLES of COLLAGEN
* Principle SOURCE of TENSILE STRENGTH * MAINTAINING TISSUE STRUCTURE and FUNCTION * Cell ADHESION * CHEMOTAXIS * Cell MIGRATION * TISSUE REMODELLING during GROWTH * WOUND HEALING
40
ALLIGNMENTS of COLLAGEN in tendon/ligament: annulus fibrosus: meniscus:
tendon/ligament: UNIDIRECTIONAL (1 direction) annulus fibrosus: INTRA-LAMELLAR (x) meniscus: INTERSPERSED
41
example of a COLLAGEN ABNORMALITIES (3)
SCURVY OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA EHLERS DANOS SYNDROME
42
COLLAGEN ABNORMALITY: SCURVY what is the CAUSE of SCURVY, and what are the effects
- LACK OF VITAMIN C - vitamin C required as a CO-FACTOR in COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS (hydroxylation) - FRAGILE CAPILLARIES, abnormal BLEEDING, BRUISING, internal HAEMORRHAGING - TEETH LOOSEN, BONES BREAK EASILY
43
COLLAGEN ABNORMALITY: OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA CAUSE? EFFECT?
problem with CONNECTIVE TISSUE due to LACK OF TYPE I COLLAGEN due to MUTATION in TYPE I COLLAGEN - mainly affect BONES (break easily) - JOINT HYPERMOBILITY, SKIN HYPERLAXITY (can be stretched), BLUE SCLERA (white part of the eye (sclera) has a blue, gray or purplish tint), DENTINOGENESIS IMPERFECTA (disorder of tooth development)
44
COLLAGEN ABNORMALITY: EHLERS DANOS SYNDROME CAUSE? EFFECT?
- group of disorders that effect CONNECTIVE TISSUE due to MUTATIONS in TYPE 5 COLLAGEN - JOINT HYPERMOBILITY, SKIN FRAGILITY (&stretchy)
45
what do PROTEOGLYCANS do (3)
- Contribute to the FIBRIL and FIBRE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY - Interact with collagen fibres to YIELD VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES - Role in COLLAGEN FIBRILOGENESIS and ORGANISATION
46
when are PROTEOGLYCANS INCREASED
In INJURY (tissue swelling)
47
what results from LACK of PROTEOGLYCANS (ABSENCE of BIOGLYCAN and FIBROMODULIN) leads to... leads to..
ALTERED COLLAGEN FIBRILS in the tendons -> JOINT INSTABILITY -> ABNORMAL GAIT, ECTOPIC OSSIFICATION, OSTEOARTHRITIS
48
3 CRITICAL ROLES of ELASTIC FIBRES
- important MECHANICAL PROPERTIES in tissue elastic RECOIL and RESILIENCE - REGULATION of CELL FUNCTION - REGULATION of ACTIVITY of the GROWTH FACTOR TGF-BETA FAMILY
49
what were found to be localised between collagen FASCICLES
FIBRILLIN-1 and FIBRILLIN-2 (Elastin mainly at IFM region and co-localised with fibrillin 1and 2)
50
in human tendon what has FIBRILLIN-1 been associated with
TYPE 6 COLLAGEN
51
INCREASE in TEAR SIZE (INJURY) links to INCREASE In... (2)
- TYPE 6 COLLAGEN - FIBRILLIN-1
52
what is the name of the DISORDER of the CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is caused by MUTATION in the FIBRILLIN-1 (FNBN1) GENE & its effects
MARFAN SYNDROME - Tall and Thin with long arms, legs, fingers and toes - Flexible joints and scoliosis - Abnormalities of the heart and the aorta

Musculoskeletal System (18 decks)

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