Regenerative anemia

Question 1

Acute blood loss types

Answer 1

External hemorrhage
Internal hemorrhage

Question 2

External hemorrhage

Answer 2

Any type of bleeding where the blood is not resorbed
Protein and iron are lost

Question 3

Internal hemorrhage

Answer 3

Into a body cavity or deep tissues. Sme RBC can be resorbed and re-enter circulation or phagocytosis by tissue macrophages to increase serum bilirubin

Question 4

Acute blood loss

Answer 4

Blood loss-> hypovolemia-> hemodilution-> anemia

Question 5

Persistent small volume blood loss

Answer 5

Can lead to iron deficiency and will be regenerative initially but over time will become non-regenerative, usually still see a degree of polychromasia

Question 6

Intravascular hemolysis

Answer 6

Rupture in vascular system causes free Hgb (hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria)

Question 7

Extravascular hemolysis

Answer 7

Intracellular (macrophages) usually in spleen

Question 8

Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia

Answer 8

Icterus due to increased Bu production due to hemolytic disorders. Liver cant keep up with production

Question 9

Pathogenesis of IMHA

Answer 9

RBCs coated with ESAIg undergo extravascular hemolysis in macrophages and are turned into spherocytes these then go undergo extravascular or intravascular hemolysis because of rigidity and fragility

Question 10

Common findings with IMHA

Answer 10

-Low Hct, RBC and Hgb
-Almost always has positive RBC surface associated immunoglobulin, regeneration, and inflammatory leukogram

Question 11

Coomb’s test

Answer 11

Detects antibody or complement bound to the RBC surface. Was RBC with saline and incubate with anti-antibodies and add coomb’s reagent and look for agglutination

Question 12

Hemolytic anemia due to oxidative damage causes

Answer 12

-Onions, leeks, garlic, chives
-Acetaminophen
-Zinc
-Diabetes mellitus
-Wilted red maple leaves (horses, ponies, llamas)
-Copper (sheep)

Question 13

Organisms that can cause hemolytic anemia

Answer 13

-Mycoplasma haemofelis/hemocanis/wenyonii/ haemosuis (extracellular)
-Anaplasma marginale(intracellular)
-Babesia/Theileria

Question 14

RBC fragmentation

Answer 14

Creates schistocytes caused by fibrin in small vessels or severely turbulent blood flow. Doesnt generally cause severe hemolytic anemia, but a bad underlying problem and may be regenerative or non-regenerative

Question 15

Anemia from decreased ATP

Answer 15

Hypophosphatemia induced hemolysis, erythrocyte glycolysis is inhibited so there is less erythrocyte ATP concentration and subsequent hemolysis

Question 16

Hypophosphatemia in cattle and cats

Answer 16

Cattle-> post parturient hemoglobinuria
Cats-> Hypophosphatemia in diabetic cat, lose P in polyuric animals

Question 17

Hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma

Answer 17

Neoplastic macrophages that eat up the RBC and cause anemia. Can see in all breeds of dogs

Question 18

Osmotic lysis of RBC

Answer 18

Water intoxication induced. See in cows after going from no water to a lot of water

Question 19

Hemolytic anemia due to bacteria

Answer 19

-Clostridium perfringens Type A
-Clostridium haemolyticum and C. noyvi
-Leptospirosis