Minerals

Question 1

Clinical signs of calcium disturbances

Answer 1

-Synaptic neural signal transmission
-Skeletal muscle contraction
-Cardiovascular muscle function

Question 2

Clinical signs of Hypocalcemia

Answer 2

-Generalized weakness
-Muscle twitching, seizures
-Behavior changes
-Recumbency/paresis (cattle)
-Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (equine)

Question 3

Clinical signs of hypercalcemia

Answer 3

-Ileus, abdominal pain, constipation, anorexia, nausea, vomiting
-generalized weakness and muscle pain
-Arrhythmias
-PU/PD
-Increased soft tissue mineralization (> 70mg/ml of Ca and P)

Question 4

Hypercalcemia effect on kidneys

Answer 4

Interfere with renal tubular ADH
Kidney injury and decreased function: vasoconstriction (decreased GFR), mineralization (damage nephrons), volume depletions worsen

Question 5

Serum calcium

Answer 5

this is 1% of Ca in the body and can be spit into three fractions:
-Free ionized
-Protein bound
-Complexed

Question 6

Free ionized Ca

Answer 6

Biologically active form
Tightly regulated and alterations associated with clinical signs, have to specifically request to look at this on analysis if concerned

Question 7

Protein bound Ca

Answer 7

Mostly bound to albumin and small amount to globulin

Question 8

Complexed Ca

Answer 8

Non protein anions like citrate, lactate, phosphate, and bicarb are bound

Question 9

Most common cause of hypocalcemia

Answer 9

Hypoalbuminemia
Decreased protein binding

Question 10

Affects of pH on Ca

Answer 10

Ca occupies 3-4 binding sites on albumin at normal pH but shifts occur in that fraction in response to pH changes: Acidemia-> increased ionized Ca, alkalemia-> decreased ionized Ca.
Total Ca not affected

Question 11

Handling samples for Ca measurements

Answer 11

1. Decrease exposure to air
2. Process immediately
3. Avoid anticoagulants that chelate Ca (EDTA and Citrate)

Question 12

Phosphate and ATP

Answer 12

Phosphate needed to form ATP and without it can not live. Phosphate moved from ECF to ICF (transcellular shifting) to undergo cellular respiration

Question 13

Transcellular shifting associated with alkalosis

Answer 13

Decreased CO2 stimulates glycolysis and Pi shifts intracellular and decreased extracellular Pi. Usually from respiratory alkalosis not really metabolic

Question 14

Severe hypophosphatemia

Answer 14

Intravascular hemolysis due to decreased ATP and loss of RBC membrane integrity

Question 15

Hypophosphatemia signs

Answer 15

-generalized weakness and muscle pain
-Anorexia, nausea, ileus, vomiting
-tremors ataxia
-Behavior changes

Question 16

Hyperphosphatemia clinical signs

Answer 16

-Anorexia, nausea, vomiting
-Weakness, tetany, seizures
-Increased complexing with CA

Question 17

Storage of Mg

Answer 17

-Bone (majority)
-Intracellular/soft tissues mostly muscle: needed for NT release and reactions with ATP
-Extracellular fluid (1%): has three fractions

Question 18

Effect of PTH

Answer 18

Increase fCA and Mg
Decrease Pi

Question 19

Vitamin D effect

Answer 19

Increase f Ca and Pi

Question 20

Calcitonin effect

Answer 20

Decrease fCa and Pi

Question 21

What stimulates PTH

Answer 21

Low free ionized C
Low vitamin D

Question 22

Major organs targeted by PTH

Answer 22

Bone- resorption of Ca and P
Kidney-Renal reabsorption of Ca (DCT) and decrease resorption of Pi (PCT), activate vitamin D (PCT)

Question 23

PTH on bone

Answer 23

Binds to receptors on bones and stimulates osteoblasts to release RANKL to activate osteoclasts to free fCa and Pi