Hyperlipidemia

Question 1

Hyperlipoproteinemia

Answer 1

Increase in Lipoproteins

Question 2

What lipids contribute to lactescence

Answer 2

Chylomicrons and VLDLs

Question 3

Physiologic hyperlipidemia

Answer 3

Increase in chylomicrons
-Ingest TG-> digested to MG and FA-> absorbed by intestine-> TG rich chylomicrons-> enter lymphatic vessel-> enter blood through thoracic duct

Question 4

When should physiological hyperlipidemia be cleared

Answer 4

6-12hr

Question 5

Hyperlipidemia in a fasted state causes

Answer 5

Increased synthesis of VLDL
Decreased lipoprotein degradation
Defective lipoprotein removal

Question 6

Idiopathic hyperlipidemia

Answer 6

Primary or congenital hyperlipidemia
Miniature schnauzers
Leads to defective intravascular processing of lipoproteins

Question 7

Disorders that result in hyperlipidemia

Answer 7

-Acute pancreatitis
-Cholestasis
-Hypothyroidism
-Nephrotic syndrome and PLE
-Equine hyperlipemia
-Diabetes mellitus

Question 8

Acute pancreatitis

Answer 8

Increase in TG due to increase in VLDL
Pancreatic damage-> decreases insulin and LPL activity and inflammatory cytokines alter metabolism-> decreased intravascular lipolysis and processing of lipoproteins-> increased VLDL and increased TG and sometimes cholesterol

Question 9

Cholestasis

Answer 9

Increase in cholesterol usually without TG
Decreased cholesterol excretion into bile and defective hepatocyte uptake of LDL

Question 10

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 10

Increase in TG.
Decreased insulin-> decreased LPL
Increased VLDL synthesis and increased mobilization of lipids from increased hormone sensitive lipase and then those FA enter the liver and are made into TG, cholesterol and ketones

Question 11

Hypothyroidism

Answer 11

Increased cholesterol
Decreased thyroid hormone-> decreases intravascular lipolysis or processing because of decreased hepatic lipase and decreased clearance of LDL, decreased thyroxine also decreases LPL activity-> increased cholesterol rich LDL

Question 12

Nephrotic syndrome and PL nephropathy

Answer 12

Increased cholesterol and TG later on
Early: decreased clearance of LDL from loss of protein needed for expression (LCAT)-> decreased ability to pick up excess cholesterol from tissue
Late: stimulate VLDL synthesis in hepatocytes and defective lipolysis of lipoproteins in plasma-> decreased intravascular processing-> loss of protein needed for LPL binding to endothelial cells

Question 13

Equine hyperlipemia

Answer 13

Increased TG
Due to negative energy balance-> rapid mobilization of peripheral adipose tissue-> increased TG synthesis-> increased VLDL in plasma

Question 14

Forms of equine hyperlipemia

Answer 14

-Hyperlipidemia (mild)
-Hyperlipidemic syndrome( fatty liver impaired hepatic function) also known as equine metabolic syndrome

Question 15

Response to fasting in equines

Answer 15

Lipemia dominates over ketosis unlike other species