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PSYC2360 > 7: RESEARCH METHODS IN NEUROSCIENCE > Flashcards

7: RESEARCH METHODS IN NEUROSCIENCE Flashcards

1
Q

father of neuroscience methods

A

SANTIAGO RAMON Y CAYAL

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2
Q

CELLULAR Q: How do we find out how neurons communicate?

A

ANSWER: histology + staining

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3
Q

ANATOMICAL Q: How do we find out how diff brain areas interconnected?

A

ANSWER: autopsy of healthy/diseased brains

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4
Q

FUNCTIONAL Q: How do we find out how certain brain areas mediate certain bhvrs?

A

ANSWER: human/animal brain lesions

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5
Q

SYSTEMIC Q: How do we find out how disease affects brain function?

A

ANSWER: neuroimaging techniques

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6
Q

important research method used to investigate brain functions involving REMOVING/INACTIVATING part of the brain + evaluating the animal’s subsequent bhvr

A

EXPERIMENTAL ABLATION

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7
Q
  1. to discover wat function = performed by diff regions of the brain
  2. to understand how these functions = combined to accomplish participants bhvrs
A

2 GOALS OF LESION STUDIES

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8
Q

If cognition X = disrupted by a lesion to brain area Y, then region ___ supports function ___

A

Y supports x

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9
Q

idea that in the brain, there is a place for everything + everything is in its place

A

MODULAR CONCEPT OF BRAIN ORGANIZATION

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10
Q
  • circuits within brain perform FUNCTIONS not BHVRS
  • NO ONE brain region = responsible for a bhvr
  • each brain function contributes to PERFORMANCE of bhvr
A

BRAIN FUNCTIONS VS BHVRS

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11
Q

MANY BRAIN FUNCTIONS = ____ ____ THROUGHOUT THE BRAIN!

A

HIGHLY DISTRIBUTED

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12
Q
  1. loss of function supported by particular region
  2. loss of sub-component necessary for bhvr caused by disruption to network
  3. co-existing bevel changes unrelated to the particular region
A

3 CAUSES FOR CHANGE IN BHVR AFTER A LESION

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13
Q

idea that correspondence btwn animals + human = LOW (e.g. right parietal lesions in monkeys does NOT produce HEMISPATIAL NEGLECT like it does in humans)

A

METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATION OF APPLYING ANIMAL LESION MODEL RESULTS TO HUMANS

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14
Q
  • pass electrical current thru stainless steel wire covered w insulating coating except for tip
  • wire = guided to destination using exact coordinates to precise location within brain
  • research activates lesion-making device which produces RADIO FREQ (RF) current
  • RF current destroys all cells surrounding tip of electrode
A

PRODUCTION OF BRAIN LESIONS

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15
Q

lesions that target specific NT neurons

A

CHEMICAL LESIONS

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16
Q

lesion that involves injection of EXCITATORY AMINO ACID that spares axons that = passing thru the area (cell bodies = targeted)

A

EXCITOTOXIC LESIONS

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17
Q

lesion that uses an anaesthetic/cooling method after which brain can go back to normal (no physical damage to brain)

A

REVERSIBLE LESIONS

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18
Q

research design in which animal being used in study = used as own control group (i.e. they test the animal w + w/o lesion to see how it reacts)

A

WITHIN-SUBJECT DESIGN

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19
Q

brain surgery using STEREOTAXIC APPARATUS to position an electrode/cannula in a specified position in brain

A

STEREOTAXIC SURGERY

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20
Q

device that includes head holder (maintains animal’s skull in place), holder for electrode/cannula + calibrated mechanism that moves electrode/cannula holder in measured distances along 3 axes (ant-post, dors/vent, lat/med)

A

STEREOTAXIC APPARATUS

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21
Q

junction of sagittal + coronal sutures of skull used as reference point for STEREOTAXIC BRAIN SURGERY

A

BREGMA

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22
Q

collection of images of sections of brain of particular animal w measurements that provide coordinates for STEREOTAXIC SURGERY

A

STEREOTAXIC ATLAS

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23
Q

soft spot on babies’ heads at junction of coronal/sagittal sutures

A

FONTANELLE

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24
Q

placebo procedure that duplicates all steps of producing a brain lesion except the one that actually causes brain damage

A

SHAM LESIONS

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25
Q

Btwn LESION/SHAM group of animals in a study: how do we know if the lesions are the cause of bhvrl deficits?

A

If the LESION group behaves DIFFERENTLY from the SHAM group

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26
Q
  1. anesthesia
  2. incision
  3. lesion
  4. sutures + stitches
A

STEPS FOR LESION GROUP IN A LESION STUDY

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27
Q
  1. anesthesia
  2. incision
  4. sutures + stitches
A

STEPS FOR CONTROL/SHAM GROUP IN A LESION STUDY

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28
Q

Type of lesions neurosurgeon produces to reduce symptoms of PARKINSON’S DISEASE

A

SUCORTICAL LESIONS

29
Q

stimulation used to treat conditions of chronic pain/mvmt disorders/epilepsy/depression/OCD

A

DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION

30
Q

common test of lesioned animals (rats) that = maze in which diff “arms” have rewards + some dont

A

RADIAL ARM MAZE

31
Q
  • animal remembers arms/locations of maze that have rewards
  • animal’s spatial awareness improves
A

RESULTS OF RADIAL ARM MAZE

32
Q

spatial orientation/memory test in which an animal is placed in a bath w a hidden platform + they must use spatial cues in room outside bath to locate the platform

A

MORIS WATER MAZE

33
Q

task in which animal = in a cage + is getting rewarded when it presses on a lever

A

BAR PRESSING TASK

34
Q

need to be careful of claims made when lesioning areas
- BAR PRESSING TASK: thought that reduction of rat pressing lever = due to lesioning PLEASURE ZONE but actually due to lesioning MOTOR ABILITY ZONE

A

WHAT TO REMEMBER FROM BAR PRESSING TASK

35
Q

how to determine if lesions = made in correct location/that appropriate cells = targeted

A

brain = FIXED/SLICED/STAINED

36
Q

brain examination methods of verifying precise location of brain damage after brain lesioning by FIXING/SLICING/STAINING brain

A

HISTOLOGICAL METHODS

37
Q
  1. tissues must be PROTECTED from AUTOLYTIC (SELF-DISSOLVING) ENYMES otherwise tissue breaks down, becomes mush + is impossible to study
  2. tissues must be PRESERVED to prevent decomposition for bacteria/molds
A

2 OBJECTIVES WHEN STUDYING BRAIN TISSUE

38
Q

How do we accomplish the 2 OBJECTIVES OF STUDYING BRAIN TISSUE (PROTECTING/PRESERVING)?

A

by placing neural tissue into a FIXATIVE

39
Q

chemical such as FORMALIN used to PREPARE/PRESERVE body tissue

A

FIXATIVE

40
Q

aqueous solution of formaldehyde gas commonly used as tissue FIXATIVE

A

FORMALIN

41
Q

3 FUNCTIONS OF FORMALIN

A
  1. halts AUTOLYSIS
  2. kills microorganisms
  3. hardens fragile brain
42
Q

process by which an animal’s blood = replaced by another fluid (saline solution/fixative) in prepping brain for histological exam

A

PERFUSION

43
Q

2 METHODS FOR SLICING THE BRAIN

A
  1. MICROTOME
  2. CRYOSTAT
44
Q

instrument that produces v thin slices of body tissues

A

MICROTOME

45
Q

instrument that produces v thin slices of tissue inside a freeze chamber

A

CRYOSTAT

46
Q

when brain tissue section = placed in various chemical solutions to highlight specific details

A

STAINING

47
Q

stain that highlights cell bodies/diff layers of cortex/nuclei

A

NISSL STAIN

48
Q

NISSL STAIN: if lesion = in right place then cell count should be ___

A

LOW

49
Q

2 kinds of dyes that stain cell bodies

A
  1. METHYLENE BLUE
  2. CRESYL VIOLET
50
Q

stain that specifically stains MYELIN

A

MYELIN STAIN

51
Q

Why isn’t a MYELIN STAIN v useful?

A

It does not trace pathways in any detail

52
Q

stains that show ALL DETAILS of whole cells (whole neurons) including DENDRITIC BRANCHES/SPINES/SOMA/GLIAL CELLS by staining them silvery

A

GOLGI STAIN

53
Q

ADVANTAGE OF GOLGI STAIN

A

stains a small number of cells silver at a time making it easy to examine in detail

54
Q

recording the response of single neurons (or multiple neurons) to specific tasks

A

SINGLE CELL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

55
Q
  1. what functions = SUPPORTED by a given brain region?
  2. what brain regions SUPPORT a given cog function?
A

2 APPROACHES/RESEARCH QUESTIONS FOR HUMAN BRAIN LESIONING

56
Q
  • examine group of indivs w similar lesions
  • examine control group of patients w diff lesions
A

How we answer the Q: what functions = SUPPORTED by a given brain region?

57
Q
  • examine group of indivs w similar cog impairment
  • examine brain regions common to the deficit
A

How we answer the Q: what brain regions SUPPORT a given cog function?

58
Q

patient w damage to area X = impaired for cog A but NOT cog B + patient w damage to area Y = impaired for cog B but NOT cog A

A

DOUBLE DISSOCIATIONS

59
Q

lesion to BROCAS AREA (X) impairs SPEECH PRODUCTION (A) but NOT COMPREHENSION (B) + lesion to WERNICKES AREA (Y) impairs COMPREHENSION (B) but NOT PRODUCTION (A)

A

EXAMPLE OF DOUBLE DISSOCIATION

60
Q
  1. variability in patients/lesions
  2. must infer functions of damaged regions from observed impairments
  3. cant always determine if region X = critical for cog A (does lesion disrupt the cog or are other areas involved)
  4. disconnections: area X may NOT participate directly in cog A but may DISCONNECT 2 critical brain regions that = critical for cog A
  5. cog A could be performed by multiple brain regions
A

5 LIMITATIONS OF LESION METHOD

61
Q
  1. group studies can control for age/IQ/handedness
  2. compare a group of patients w diff lesions
A

2 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO VARIABILITY IN PATIENTS/LESIONS

62
Q

brain surgery occasionally performed to treat COLLOSUM which connects 2 semis of brain

A

SPLIT BRAIN OPERATION

63
Q

NATURE OF BRAIN DAMAGE BETTER SUITED FOR SINGLE-CASE STUDIES + WHY

A

FOCAL BRAIN DAMAGE (stroke/tumour/wound) because no 2 PATIENTS = alike

64
Q

NATURE OF BRAIN DAMAGE BETTER SUITED FOR GROUP STUDIES + WHY

A

SYSTEMIC DISEASE PROCESSES (degenerative disease/psych disorders/infections) bc no 2 PROCESSES = alike

65
Q

QUESTION REGARDING COGNITION BETTER SUITED FOR SINGLE-CASE STUDIES

A

“What can the brain do?”

66
Q

QUESTION REGARDING COGNITION BETTER SUITED FOR GROUP STUDIES

A

“What does the brain normally do?”

67
Q

branch of psych that helps determine processes involved in a given cognition, the limits of info processing + normal patterns of performance

A

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

68
Q
  • reaction time (mental chronometry)
  • accuracy
  • mental operations
  • parallel vs serial processing
  • exploring limits on info processing
A

ELEMENTS EXAMINED IN COGNITIVE PSYCH

69
Q

models that simulate cognition + also lesions at diff levels of system/model

A

NEURAL NETWORK MODELS

PSYC2360 (17 decks)

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