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PSYC2360 > 12: NEURAL BASIS OF MOTOR CONTROL > Flashcards

12: NEURAL BASIS OF MOTOR CONTROL Flashcards

1
Q

brief unitary activities of muscle (reflexes/postural adjustments/sensory orientation)

A

MOVEMENTS

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2
Q

complex, goal-oriented sets of mvmts (walking/gestures/acquired skills)

A

ACTIONS

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3
Q

type of mvmts in which info flows from watever = being controlled BACK to the device that controls it

A

CLOSED-LOOP MVMTS

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4
Q

type of ballistic mvmts where once mvmt = initiated, there is NO opportunity for feedback + accuracy = controlled thru anticipation of ERROR

A

OPEN-LOOP MVMTS

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5
Q

synapse btwn terminal buttons of an EFFERENT neuron axon + a MUSCLE FIBRE

A

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

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6
Q

postsynaptic membrane of NEUROMUSC JUNCTION

A

MOTOR ENDPLATES

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7
Q

body parts that INITIATE mvmts (hands/neck/eyes)

A

EFFECTORS

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8
Q

EXAMPLE OF MUSCLES IN AGONIST/ANTAGONIST PAIR

A

BICEPS/TRICEPS

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9
Q

neuron whose axon forms synapses w EXTRAFUSAL MUSCLE FIBRES of skeletal muscle

A

ALPHA MOTOR NEURON

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10
Q

2 MAIN ASPECTS OF ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS

A
  1. primary site of interaction btwn MUSCLES + CNS
  2. determines STRENGTH of muscle contraction
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11
Q

NT RELEASED BY ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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12
Q

one of muscle fibres responsible for force exerted by CONTRACTION of skeletal muscle

A

EXTRAFUSAL MUSCLE FIBERS

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13
Q

muscle fibres that function as STRETCH RECEPTOR + detect changes in MUSCLE LENGTH

A

INTRAFUSAL MUSCLE FIBERS (MUSCLE SPINDLES)

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14
Q

mvmts of limb that tends to BEND its joints + contract FLEXOR muscle

A

FLEXION

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15
Q

mvmts of limb that tends to STRAIGHTEN its joint + contract EXTENSOR muscle

A

EXTENSION

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16
Q

MUSCLES ___ + LIMBS ___

A

CONTRACT; FLEX

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17
Q

EXCITATION to ___ muscle = accompanied by INHIBITION to ___ muscle

A

AGONIST; ANTAGONIST

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18
Q

signals AWAY from CNS + TOWARD EFFECTORS

A

EFFERENT SIGNALS

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19
Q

signals TOWARDS CNS + AWAY from EFFECTORS

A

AFFERENT SIGNLAS

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20
Q

reflex in which muscle contracts in response to being QUICKLY STRETCHED

A

MONOSYNAPTIC STRETCH REFLEX

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21
Q
  • happens w 1 synapse btwn SENSORY neuron + MOTOR neuron
  • respond to WEIGHT of objects
  • help to maintain POSTURE
A

FUNCTIONS OF MONOSYNAPTIC STRETCH REFLEX

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22
Q

reflexes that happen w MORE THAN ONE synapse + contain at least one INTERNEURON btwn the SENSORY + MOTOR neuron

A

POLYSYNAPTIC REFLEXES

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23
Q
  • secondary reflexes INHIBIT ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS
  • DECR strength of muscular contraction to INHIBIT further action when amt of stretch may cause DAMAGE to tendons
  • INTERNEURONS synapse on ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS of ANTAGONIST muscles
A

FUNCTIONS OF POLYSYNAPTIC REFLEXES

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24
Q

receptor organ at junction of tendon + muscle that = sensitive to TOUCH

A

GOLGI TENDON ORGAN

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25
Q
  1. PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
  2. SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA (SMA)
  3. PREMOTOR CORTEX
A

3 CORTICAL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN CONTROLLING MVMT

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26
Q

cortical area responsible for causing mvmts of particular parts of body

A

PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX

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27
Q

topographically organized mapping of parts of body represented in particular region of brain

A

SOMATOTOPIC ORGANIZATION (PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX)

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28
Q

2 cortical areas that receive info from PARIETAL LOBE to help initiate mvmts thru connections w PRIMARY MOTOR CTX

A

SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA (SMA) + PREMOTOR CORTEX

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29
Q

commands for mvmt initiated by MOTOR CORTEX = assisted/modified by ___ ___ + ____

A

BASAL GANGLIA; CEREBELLUM

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30
Q
  • plays role in planning/prep/initiation of mvmts
  • topographic connection w MOTOR CTX
  • IPSI/CONTRALAT motor ctx projections + connections to opposite SMA
  • primarily involved in complex mvmts/bhvrl sequences
A

FUNCTIONS OF SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR CORTEX

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31
Q
  • involved in learning/executing complex mvmts guided by sensory info (verbal instructions)
A

FUNCTION OF PREMOTOR CORTEX

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32
Q

abstract representation of an intended action

A

MOTOR PLAN

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33
Q
  1. specify goal for action
  2. outline EFFECTORS needed for that goal
  3. create plan
  4. execute mvmt
  5. compare executed mvmt w plan in real time
A

STEPS OF MOTOR PLAN

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34
Q

copy of MOTOR PLAN to be executed which can be used to compare plan w OUTCOME (blueprint for wat plan should be/where body should be to carry out plan)

A

EFFERENCE COPY

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35
Q

motor plans that involve starting to talk LATER when about to read long sentence than we do for a short one

A

VOCAL MOTOR PLANS

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36
Q

the time it takes to IMAGINE moving shows the SAME patterns for time it takes to make REAL MVMTS

A

MOTOR IMAGERY

37
Q

patients w NO SENSORY FEEDBACK to moving limb

A

DEAFFERENTED PATIENTS

38
Q
  • can perform simple motor tasks
  • mvmts = NOT as precise
  • MULTI-JOINT mvmts = difficult
A

ATTRIBUTES OF DEAFFERENTED PATIENTS

39
Q

part of brain involved in NEW MOTOR PLANS

A

ANTERIOR CINGULATE

40
Q
  • monitoring performance
  • error feedback
  • evaluation of possible response conflict
A

FUNCTIONS OF ANTERIOR CINGULATE (ACC TO fMRI)

41
Q

CAUDAL: manual mvmts (hand mvmts)
ROSTRAL: eye mvmts
BTWN CAUDAL/ROSTRAL: speech

A

DIFF FUNCTIONS OF DIFF PARTS OF ANTERIOR CINGULATE

42
Q

mvmts involved in NEW situations

A

INTERNALLY DRIVEN MVMTS

43
Q
  • SMA
  • BASAL GANGLIA
  • TEMPORAL LOBE (HIPPOCAMPUS)
  • PREMOTOR CTX
A

BRAIN REGIONS INVOLVED IN INTERNALLY DRIVEN MVMTS

44
Q

FAMILIAR sequences of mvmts

A

EXTERNALLY DRIVEN MVMTS

45
Q
  • PARIETAL CORTEX
  • CEREBELLUM
  • LATERAL PREMOTOR REGIONS (PREMOTOR/MOTOR CTX)
A

BRAIN REGIONS INVOLVED IN EXTERNALLY DRIVEN MVMTS

46
Q

pathways from brain responsible for communication info to muscles of body

A

DESCENDING PATHWAYS

47
Q

2 GROUPS OF DESCENDING TRACTS

A
  1. LATERAL GROUP
  2. VENTROMEDIAL GROUP
48
Q

group of descending pathways primarily involved in controlling INDEPENDENT LIMB MVMTS (mvmts of hands/fingers)

A

LATERAL GROUP DEFN

49
Q
  1. CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
  2. CORTICOBULBAR TRACT
  3. RUBROSPINAL TRACT
A

3 TRACTS IN LATERAL GROUP

50
Q

groups of descending pathways primarily involved in controlling AUTOMATIC MVMTS (mvmts of trunk/mvmts involved in posture + locomotions)

A

VENTROMEDIAL GROUP DEFN

51
Q
  1. VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACT
  2. TECTOSPINAL TRACT
  3. RETICULOSPINAL TRACT
  4. VENTRAL CORTICOSPINAL TRAT
A

4 TRACTS IN VENTROMEDIAL GROUP

52
Q

system of axons that controls hand/finger mvmts + is required for moving fingers independently when reaching/manipulating

A

CORTICOSPINAL TRACT

53
Q

part of CORTICOSPINAL TRACT that controls DISTAL muscles (arms/fingers/lower legs/feet)

A

LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT

54
Q

part of CORTICOSPINAL TRACT that controls PROXIMAL muscles (trunk/upper legs)

A

VENTRAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT

55
Q

bundle of axons that controls mvmts of face/neck/tongue/parts of extra ocular eye muscles

A

CORTICOBULBAR TRACT

56
Q

system of axons that modulates motor control + coordination of index mvmts of forearms/hands (NOT FINGERS)

A

RUBROSPINAL TRACT

57
Q

bundle of axons that controls postural mvmts in response to info from vestibular system

A

VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACT

58
Q

bundle of axons that coordinates head/trunk mvmts + eye mvmts

A

TECTOSPINAL TRACT

59
Q

bundle of axons that control muscles responsible for postural mvmts

A

RETICULOSPINAL TRACT

60
Q

brainstem disorder that involves damage to VII FACIAL NERVE

A

FACIAL NERVE PALSY/BELL’S PALSY

61
Q

brainstem disorder that involves complete paralysis due to bilateral lesions of motor pathways + lower cranial nerves in PONS/MEDULLA

A

LOCKED-IN SYNDROME

62
Q
  • III OCULOMOTOR NERVE = spared
  • cognition = unimpaired
  • EEG = normal
A

ATTRIBUTES OF LOCKED-IN SYNDROME

63
Q

aggressively progressive brainstem disorder that affects motor neurons in cortex, brainstem + spinal cord that generally leads to death in 2-4 yrs after onset

A

AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS/LOU GHERIG’S DISEASE)

64
Q

subcortical structure that = “lil brain/fix-it shop” of brain that contains 80% of brains neurons + receives input from SOMATOSENSORY/VESTIBULAR/VISUAL/AUDITORY modalities

A

CEREBELLUM

65
Q

CEREBELLUM has ___ (IPSI/CONTRALAT) organization

A

IPSILATERAL

66
Q
  1. VERMIS (contains FASTIGIAL NUCLEUS)
  2. INTERMEDIATE ZONE (contains INTERPOSED NUCLEUS)
  3. LATERAL ZONE (contains DENTATE NUCLEUS)
A

3 SECTIONS OF CEREBELLUM

67
Q

midline structure of CEREBELLUM that receives somatosensory/kinesthetic info + is important for posture

A

VERMIS

68
Q

older part of CEREBELLUM that receives info from RED NUCLEUS + SPINAL CORD

A

INTERMEDIATE ZONE

69
Q

outer part of CEREBELLUM that receives info from MOTOR/ASSOC CORTICES via the PONS

A

LATERAL ZONE

70
Q

DAMAGE to ___ = affected WALKING/BALANCE but fine motor control of distal muscles remains intact

A

VERMIS

71
Q

DAMAGE to ___ = rigidity + ACTION/INTENTION TEMOR

A

INTERMEDIATE ZONE

72
Q

DAMAGE to ___ = affected:
- ballistic mvmts
- coordination of multi-joint mvmts
- learning new mvmts
- impairments in timing motor/cog functions
- impairments in ability to RECALIBRATE mvmts in response to visual disturbances

A

LATERAL ZONE

73
Q

tremor in hand when intentionally doing an action (such as touching finger to nose)

A

ACTION/INTENTION TREMOR

74
Q
  1. FASTIGIAL NUCLEUS
  2. INTERPOSED NUCLEUS
  3. DENTATE NUCLEUS
A

3 DEEP CEREBELLAR NUCLEI

75
Q

deep cerebellar nucleus involved in control of mvmt by RETICULO/VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACTS

A

FASTIGIAL NUCLEUS

76
Q

deep cerebellar nucleus involved in control of RUBROSPINAL SYSTEM

A

INTERPOSED NUCLEUS

77
Q

deep cerebellar nucleus involved in control fo rapid/skilled mvmts by CORTICO/RUBROSPINAL SYSTEMS

A

DENTATE NUCLEUS

78
Q

cerebellar disorder where u have probs w coordination of motor mvmts

A

ATAXIA

79
Q

cerebellar disorder characterized by lurching unsteady/wide gait

A

GAIT ATAXIA

80
Q

gait typical of midline cerebellar lesions/chronic alcoholism

A

BASED GAIT

81
Q

frontal/parietal cortex disorder characterized by difficulty carrying out PURPOSEFUL mvmts in absence of paralysis/muscular weakness

A

APRAXIA

82
Q

trigger center for mvmts thru balance btwn INHIBITORY/EXCITATORY CONNECTIONS

A

BASAL GANGLIA

83
Q

INPUT of BASAL GANGLIA = mainly to ___

A

STRIATUM (CAUDATE/PUTAMEN)

84
Q

OUTPUTS of BASAL GANGLIA = mainly to ___/___/___/___

A

PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX/SMA/PREMOTOR CORTEX/MOTOR NUCLEI

85
Q
  1. CAUDATE NUCLEUS
  2. PUTAMEN
  3. GLOBUS PALLIDUS
A

3 MOTOR NUCLEI

86
Q

neural loop that involves links which are made by both EXCITATORY (GLUTAMATE-SECRETING) + INHIBITORY (GABA-SECRETING) neurons

A

CORTICAL-BASAL GANGLIA LOOP

87
Q

DIRECT PATHWAY OF CORTICAL-BASAL GANGLIA LOOP = ____

A

EXCITATORY

88
Q

INDIRECT PATHWAY OF CORTICAL-BASAL GANGLIA LOOP = ___

A

INHIBITORY

PSYC2360 (17 decks)

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