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PSYC2360 > 9: VISION > Flashcards

9: VISION Flashcards

1
Q

STIMULUS of VISUAL SYSTEM

A

LIGHT

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2
Q

narrow band on light spectrum of electromagnetic radiation w wavelength btwn 380-760 mm

A

VISIBLE LIGHT TO HUMANS

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3
Q

Bees can detect ____ on the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation

A

UV RADIATION

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4
Q

3 DIMENSIONS THAT DETERMINE PERCEIVED COLOUR OF LIGHT

A
  1. HUE
  2. SATURATION
  3. BRIGHTNESS
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5
Q

dimension of light determined by WAVELENGTH

A

HUE

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6
Q

dimension of light that = relative PURITY of light

A

SATURATION

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7
Q

dimension of light that = INTENSITY of light

A

BRIGHTNESS

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8
Q

relative constant appearance of colours of objects viewed under varying lighting conditions

A

COLORU CONSTANCY

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9
Q

SHORTER wavelengths = ___ freq
LONGER wavelengths = ___ freq

A

HIGHER; LOWER

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10
Q

specialized neuron that detects participate category of physical events

A

SENSORY RECEPTORS

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11
Q

neural tissue + photoreceptive cells located on inner surface of back of eye

A

RETINA

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12
Q

opaque white outer layer of most of eye that does NOT let light into eye

A

SCLERA

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13
Q

transparent outer layer at front of eye

A

CORNEA

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14
Q

opening in IRIS that regulates amt of light that enters eye (based on its size)

A

PUPIL

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15
Q

pigmented ring of muscles behind CORNEA

A

IRIS

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16
Q

series of transparent/onionlike layers behind IRIS that changes shape from contractions of CILIARY MUSCLES that permit eye to focus images of near/distant objects on RETINA

A

LENS

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17
Q

RETINA + OPTIC NERVES = in ___ (CNS or PNS)

A

CNS

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18
Q

changes in thickness of LENS that focuses images of near/distant objects on RETINA

A

ACCOMMODATION

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19
Q

receptor cells of RETINA that transduce PHOTIC ENERGY into ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS

A

PHOTORECEPTORS

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20
Q

2 TYPES OF PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS

A
  1. RODS
  2. CONES
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21
Q
  • most prevalent in CENTRAL RETINA (found in FOVEA)
  • sensitive to MODERATE-HIGH levels of light
  • for DAYTIME/COLOUR vision
  • provide info abt HUE
  • provide EXCELLENT acuity
A

RODS

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22
Q
  • most prevalent in PERIPHERAL RETINA (NOT in FOVEA)
  • sensitive to LOW levels of light
  • for NIGHT vision
  • provide only MONOCHROMATIC info (B+W)
  • provide POOR acuity
A

CONES

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23
Q

RODS + CONES contain ___ that provide input to ___ + ___ CELLS

A

PHOTOPIGMENTS; BIPOLAR + HORIZONTAL

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24
Q

protein dye bonded to RETINAL (substance derived from vitamin A) which = responsible for TRANSDUCTION of visual info

A

PHOTOPIGMENTS

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25
Q

PHOTORECEPTORS + BIPOLAR CELLS ___ (do/do not) produce ACTION POTENTIALS

A

DO NOT

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26
Q

idea that a bunch of cells at back of eye converge into smaller + smaller number of cells that process what we’re looking at

A

CONVERGENCE

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27
Q

2 MAIN CELLULAR LAYERS OF RETINA

A
  1. PHOTORECEPTIVE LAYER
  2. BIPOLAR LAYER
  3. GANGLION CELL LAYER
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28
Q

central region of RETINA w GREATEST VISUAL ACUITY

A

FOVEA

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29
Q

how well a person can FOCUS on an object

A

VISUAL ACUITY

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30
Q

Which type of PHOTORECEPTOR = found in FOVEA

A

CONES

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31
Q

point where fibres of GANGLION CELLS that form OPTIC NERVE exit RETINA

A

OPTIC DISK

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32
Q

what part of RETINA = responsible for BLINDSPOT?

A

OPTIC DISK

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33
Q

cells in MIDDLE layer of RETINA that convey info from PHOTORECEPTORS to GANGLION CELLS

A

BIPOLAR CELLS

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34
Q

cells that:
- receive info from BIPOLAR CELLS
- their axons give rise to OPTIC NERVE
- carry visual info to rest of brain

A

GANGLION CELLS

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35
Q

cells that interconnect adjacent PHOTORECEPTORS + outer processes of BIPOLAR CELLS

A

HORIZONTAL CELLS

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36
Q

cells that interconnect adjacent GANGLION CELLS + inner processes of BIPOLAR CELLS

A

AMACRINE CELLS

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37
Q

part of visual field that individuals neuron sees

A

RECEPTIVE FIELD

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38
Q

RECEPTIVE FIELD = portion of visual field in which presentation of visual stimuli will produce an ___ in ___ ___ of particular neuron

A

ALTERATION; FIRING RATE

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39
Q

What does LOCATION of RECEPTIVE FIELD of a neuron depend on?

A

LOCATION OF PHOTORECEPTORS that provide visual info

40
Q

vision that involves seeing w only 1 eye at a time

A

MONOCULAR VISION

41
Q

vision that involves seeing w BOTH eyes at same time

A

BINOCULAR VISION

42
Q

pathway of visual processing from RETINA → LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS → STRIATE/EXTRASTRIATE CORTICAL REGIONS

A

VISUAL PATHWAY

43
Q

RETINA → OPTIC NERVE → OPTIC CHIASM → OPTIC TRACT → DORSAL LAT GENICULATE NUCLEUS → OPTIC RADIATIONS → STRIATE VISUAL CORTEX

A

ORDER OF VISUAL PATHWAY

44
Q

bundles of axons from retinal GANGLION CELLS that exit eye + convey info to LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS

A

OPTIC NERVE

45
Q

point where OPTIC NERVES join together to form an X-SHAPE after which some nerves stay on same side + others cross over to opposite side of brain

A

OPTIC CHIASM

46
Q

axons from GANG CELLS serving INNER (NASAL) halves of RETINA _________ where as axons from OUTER halves of RETINA _________

A

cross thru OPTIC CHIASM + ascend to DORSAL LAT GENIC NUCLEUS on OPPOSITE side of brain; remain on SAME side of brain

47
Q

group of cell bodies that receives inputs from RETINA + projects them to PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX

A

DORSAL LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS (LGN)

48
Q

neurons in LGN send axons thru ____ _____ to PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX

A

OPTIC RADIATIONS

49
Q

How many layers does LGN have?

A

6

50
Q

cortex that sends visual info to VISUAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX

A

V1/PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX/STRIATE CORTEX

51
Q

second cortical area for vision processing that receives fibres from STRIATE CORTEX + form SUPERIOR COLLICULI + projects to INFERIOR TEMPORAL CORTEX

A

V2/VISUAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX/EXTRASTRIATE CORTEX

52
Q

layers //_ of LGN receive input from CONTRALAT eye

A

1/4/6

53
Q

layers //_ of LGN receive input from IPSILAT eye

A

2/3/5

54
Q

2 TYPES OF LAYERS/PROJECTIONS OF LGN

A
  1. MAGNOCELLULAR LAYERS (M PATHWAYS)
  2. PARVOCELLULAR LAYERS (P PATHWAYS)
55
Q
  • LARGE gang cells
  • INNER 2 layers of neurons of LGN
  • colour INSENSITIVE
  • LARGE receptive field
  • HIGH contrast sensitivity
A

ATTRIBUTES OF MAGNOCELLULAR LAYERS

56
Q
  • SMALL gang cells
  • OUTER 4 layers of neurons of LGN
  • colour SENSITIVE
  • SMALL receptive field
  • LOW contrast sensitivity
A

ATTRIBUTES OF PARVOCELLULAR LAYERS

57
Q

SPATIAL RES: transmits info necessary for perception of FORM/MVMT/DEPTH/SMOL DIFFS IN BRIGHTNESS to V1
TEMPORAL RES: FAST + TRANSIENT response

A

SPATIAL + TEMPORAL RESOLUTION OF MAGNOCELLULAR LAYERS

58
Q

SPATIAL RES: transmits info necessary for perception of COLOUR/FINE DETAILS to V1
TEMPORAL RES: SLOW + SUSTAINED response

A

SPATIAL + TEMPORAL RESOLUTION OF PARVOCELLULAR LAYERS

59
Q

What is the 1st cortical region involved in combining visual info from several sources?

A

STRIATE CORTEX

60
Q

Which type of cells encode info abt relative amts of light falling on CENTER/SURROUND regions of their RECEPTIVE FIELDS?

A

GANGLION CELLS

61
Q

organization in which neurons w receptive fields CLOSE TOGETHER in visual space have cell bodies CLOSE TOGETHER in cortex

A

RETINOTOPIC ORGANIZATION OF STRIATE VISUAL CORTEX

62
Q

cells that initiate signals to GANG CELLS that = important in perceiving LIGHT/DARK

A

ON/OFF BIPOLAR CELLS

63
Q

mammalian GANG CELLS have receptive field that consists of ___/___

A

CENTER/SURROUND

64
Q

3 TYPES OF GANG CELLS

A
  1. ON CELLS
  2. OFF CELLS
  3. ON/OFF CELLS
65
Q

type of GANG CELL EXCITED by light falling on CENTRE + INHIBITED by light falling in SURROUND (signal INCR in illumination)

A

ON CELLS

66
Q

type of GANG CELL EXCITED by light falling in SURROUND + INHIBITED by light falling on CENTRE (signal DECR in illumination)

A

OFF CELLS

67
Q

type of GANG CELLS that = briefly EXCITED when light = turned ON/OFF

A

ON/OFF CELLS

68
Q

idea that diff types of cells = TUNED to respond to diff aspects of visual info

A

TUNING

69
Q

2 COLOUR THEORIES

A
  1. TRICHROMATIC (3 COLOUR) THEORY
  2. OPPONENT-COLOUR SYSTEM THEORY
70
Q

colour theory that suggests that eye can detect diff colours bc it contains 3 TYPES OF CONES each sensitive to a single hue

A

TRICHROMATIC (3 COLOUR) THEORY

71
Q

3 DIFF COLOURS OF CONES IN TRICHROM THEORY

A

BLUE/GREEN/RED

72
Q

colour theory that suggests that colour might be represented in visual system as OPPONENT COLOURS

A

OPPONENT-COLOUR SYSTEM THEORY

73
Q

type of cells involved in OPPONENT-COLOUR SYSTEM THEORY that respond specifically to PAIRS of primary colours

A

GANGLION CELLS

74
Q

2 KINDS OF COLOUR-SENSITIVE GANG CELLS

A
  1. RED-GREEN
  2. YELLOW-BLUE
75
Q
  • when part of receptive field = illuminated w colour shown → cell’s firing rate INCR
  • when part of receptive field = illuminated w complementary colour → cell’s firing rate DECR
A

CENTER-SURROUND ORGANIZATION OF COLOUR-SENSITIVE GANG CELLS

76
Q
  • axon that signals red/green or yellow/blue can either INCR/DECR its rate of firing but CANNOT do both at same time
  • REDDISH GREEN would have to be signalled by GANAG CELL firing SLOWLY/RAPIDLY at same time which = IMPOSSIBLE
A

REASON WHY WE CANNOT PERCEIVE REDDISH GREEN COLOURA

77
Q

order of info abt relative amts of light falling on CENTER/SURROUND that = transferred from GANG CELLS

A

LGN → STRIATE CORTEX → EXTRASTRIATE CORTEX

78
Q

How many layers does the STRIATE CORTEX have?

A

6

79
Q

at which layer of STRIATE CORTEX is input from MAGNO/PARVOCELLULAR systems processed?

A

4TH LAYER

80
Q

idea that brain would weigh over 30K lbs if whole visual field had as many neurons dedicated to it as are dedicated to FOVEA

A

DISPROPORTIONATE REPRESENTATION OF FOVEA

81
Q

cells in STRIATE CORTEX = sensitive to specific ____

A

ORIENTATIONS

82
Q

relative width of bands in SINE-WAVE GRATING measured in cycles per degree of visual angle

A

SPATIAL FREQUENCY

83
Q

cells in STRIATE CORTEX = tuned to specific ___ ___

A

SPATIAL FREQS

84
Q

series of straight parallel bands varying continuously in brightness according to a sine-wave function along a ling perpendicular to their lengths

A

SINE-WAVE GRATING

85
Q

image that = DEFICIENT in HIGH freq info = ____/____

A

FUZZY/OUT OF FOCUS

86
Q

most important info = contained in ___ SPATIAL FREQS

A

LOW

87
Q

when LOW FREQ info = REMOVED: ____ of images = HARD to perceive

A

SHAPES

88
Q

when HIGH FREQ info = REMOVED: ___ ___ of images = ELIMINATED

A

SHARP EDGES

89
Q

GENDER of a person in an image can be determined from ___ freq images but determining IDENTITY of a person in an image requires ___ freq images

A

LOW; HIGH

90
Q
  1. V4
  2. MIDDLE TEMPORAL AREA (MT)
  3. FUSIFORM FACE AREA (FFA)
  4. PARAHIPPOCAMPAL PLACE AREA (PPA)
  5. INFERIOR TEMPORAL CORTEX (IT)
A

5 MODULES IN VISUAL SYSTEM

91
Q

module sensitive to COLOUR

A

V4

92
Q

module sensitive to MOTION

A

MIDDLE TEMPORAL AREA (MT)

93
Q

module sensitive to FACE PERCEPTION

A

FUSIFORM FACE AREA (FFA)

94
Q

module sensitive to PLACE RECOGNITION

A

PARAHIPPOCAMPAL PLACE AREA (PPA)

95
Q

module sensitive to OBJECT RECOGNITION

A

INFERIOR TEMPORAL CORTEX (IT)

PSYC2360 (17 decks)

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